General Medicine

1. Requirements for completion of the course Pathological Anatomy 2:

a) Participate in all histopathology classes and complete 2 Socrative tests during histopathology practicals.

The minimum score on the Socrative tests is 18 points (60%).

b) Final written multiple-choice test

The test is written in presence in the computer rooms of the FMCU. *

Minimum score of 75% (75 points) is considered a passing score of the test.

Test date

14.5.2025 from  17:30 - 19:00 – Moskovská street, M111 room

* Distribution of students to computer rooms will be announced in due course.

c) Attendance at all autopsies.

d) Practical examination of the autopsy classes - oral form

Any student who has not met the requirements for Pathological Anatomy 2 will not be allowed to sit for the final examination.

2. Substitution

Classes in histopathology may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor/teacher during the two-week cycle when the topic is covered. A maximum of 2 histopathology classes may be substituted during the semester.

An autopsy class may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor throughout the semester. A maximum of 2 autopsy casses may be substituted during the semester.

- The student is required to submit a confirmation of the substitution to his/her instructor during the semester. If the student does not make up the missing exercises during the given fortnight, he/she will have to make them up at the end of the semester.

3. Lectures

The lectures will be held onsite according to the published schedule.

4. Final Exam:

The final exam consists of:

a) Written part - description of one histological specimen

b) Oral examination (3 questions) 1. general pathology

    2. oncology

    3. special pathology

5. Alternate tests:

A student who has not met the requirement of successfully passing the tests during the semester will be given three compensatory dates to write the tests.

Tests will be written in person in the FMCU computer rooms.

Compensatory test 1: May 27, 2025, from 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.

Compensatory test 2: 5.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.

Compensatory test 3: 17.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.

Histopathology practicals take place on the 2. floor of New theoretical institutes.

Autopsy practicals take place on the ground floor of the New theoretical institutes. Students do not bring anything with them on autopsies.

Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Pathology, 8th Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical, 2018
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th Edition, ELSEVIER 2020, 1392 s.
Damjanov I.: Atlas of Histopathology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012, 399s.
Sapp P.J.: Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2 edition, MOSBY 2003, 450s.

Do not buy study materials (reduced syllabus) from your older classmates, as they contain incorrect information, save yourself study time and money :)

I. The use of molecular biology in pathological anatomy.
pdf

II. Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system pathology
pdf

III. Gastrointestinal pathology
pdf

IV. Uropathology, Neuropathology
pdf

V. Pathology of reproductive organs
pdf

VI. Pathology of childhood and pregnancy
pdf

VII. Dermatopathology, Pathology of the endocrine system
pdf

1. - 2. week
I. Introduction. Autopsy. Basic histological techniques.  Histological staining (acid, basic, histochemistry). Molecular biology in diagnostic patology.

3. – 4. Week
II. Cell injury and cellular adaptations
pdf

5. – 6.  Week
III. Necrosis, Healing
pdf

7. – 8. Week
IV. Inflammation
pdf

9. – 10. Week
V. Epithelial tumors
pdf

11. – 12. Week
VI. Mesenchymal tumors
pdf

13. – 14. Week
VII. Hemato-oncology
pdf

Winter semester:

1.-2. Death and postmortal changes.

3.-4. General external and internal inspection of the body. Pathological report and arrangement of diagnoses.

5.-6. Dissection of brain and spinal cord. Macroreactions.

7.-8. Dissection of neck and chest organs.

9.-10. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex.

11.-12. Autopsy of fetuses and children. Dissection of bones.

13.-14. Credit week (recapitulation)

Summer semester

1.-2. Macroscopic findings of brain and spinal cord diseases.

3.-4. Macroscopic findings of neck and chest organ diseases.

5.-6. Macroscopic findings of liver complex diseases.

7.-8. Macroscopic findings of uropoetic system diseases.

9.-10. Macroscopic findings of genital organs diseases.

11.-12. Macroscopic findings of hemopoetic system and RES  diseases.

13.-14. Credit week. Practical examination from autopsy (first part of final exam).

1.     Endocarditis infective, non-infective

2.     Myocarditis

3.     Cardiomyopathy

4.     Pericarditis

5.     Rheumatic fever

6.     Congenital diseases of heart, blood vessels)

7.     Atherosclerosis

8.     Vasculitis

9.     Hypertensive disease, complications

10.   Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction

11.   Left- and right-sided heart failure

12.   Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease

13.   Bronchitis (acute, chronic)

14.   Pneumonia lobar, bronchopmeumonia, intersticial

15.   Bronchial asthma

16.   Emphysema and atelectasis of lungs

17.   Respiratory distress syndrome

18.   Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, infectious mononucleosis

19.   Cysts of the neck region

20.   Sialoadenitis and salivary gland tumors

21.   Gastroduodenal ulcer disease

22.   Gastritis and esophagitis

23.   Enteritis and colitis

24.   Malabsorption syndrome

25.   Crohn´s disease. Ulcerative colitis

26.   Ileus, Herniations

27.   Megacolon congenitum

28.   Appendicitis

29.   Inflammations of liver. Liver failure

30.   Liver cirrhosis, etiological classiification, complications

31.   Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis

32.   Pancreatitis (acute, chronic)

33.   Peritonitis

34.   Renal failure, acute renal insufficiency

35.   Glomerulonephritis

36.   Tubulointersticial nephritis

37.   Nephrolithiasis

38.   Autoimmune thyreoiditis

39.   Goiter

40.   Pituitary syndromes

41.   Diabetes mellitus (1., 2. type)

42.   Pathology of adrenals

43.   Diffuse neuroendocrine system and its disorders

44.   Inflammations of bone and joints (nonspecific, specific)

45.   Rheumatiod arthritis and gout

46.   Deforming diseases of bones (rickets and osteodystrophy)

47.   Deformities of vertebral column and skull

48.   Skeletal muscle diseases

49.   Prostate inflammation, hyperplasia

50.   Cysts of the ovary

51.   Pathology of pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease

52.   Non neoplastic pathological changes of endometrium  

53.   Newborn and suckling diseases

54.   Causes of perinatal death

55.   Cystic fibrosis

56.   Anemia (hemolytic, pernicious, aplastic)

57.   Intracranial hemorrhage

58.   Hydrocephalus

59.   Ischemic brain injury

60.   Meningitis

61.   Encephalitis, myelitis

62.   Demyelinating diseases

63.   Pathological changes of peripheral nerves (polyneuroplathies)

64.   Blistering dermatitis

65.   Spongiform dermatitis (seborrhea, allergies)

66.   Lichenoid and psoriaform dermatitis

67.   Infectious dermatitis (bacterial, viral, fungal)

68.   Diseases of conjunctiva,  cornea and lacrimal glands

69.   Diseases of retina, retinopathies, glaucoma

70.   Lymphadenopathies (differential diagnosis)

IV. Part of the final examination is microscopic evaluation of one histopathological slide.

List of histological slides:

hydropic dystrophy of the kidney

Amyloidosis

amyloidosis - Congo red

hepatic steatosis

lipomatosis of the pancreas

myocardial hypertrophy

skeletal muscle atrophy

bronchial epithelial metaplasia

prostatic hyperplasia

Coagulative necrosis - anaemic infarction of the kidney

Coagulative necrosis - haemorrhagic infarction of the lung

Coagulation necrosis - encephalomalacia

Fibrinoid necrosis - polyarteritis nodosa

Healing of myocardial infarction

Fibrinous peritonitis in organization

Thrombus in organization

TB of the lung - caseous necrosis

Influenza

Fibrinous pericarditis

Abscess of the brain

Appendicitis

Pseudomembranous inflammation

Sarcoidosis

Actinomycosis

Aspergillosis

Granuloma around a foreign body

Actinic keratosis

Leukoplakia

Papilloma of squamous cell skin

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Squamous cell carcinoma - oropharynx

Squamous cell carcinoma - oesophagus

Adenomatous polyp

Adenocarcinoma of the colon G1

Papilloma urothelial

Urothelial papillary carcinoma invasive/non-invasive

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Capillary haemangioma

Kaposi's sarcoma

Fibroma

Lipoma

Liposarcoma

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

GIST

Chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML)

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

Plasmocytoma

Mycosis fungoides

Essential thrombocythemia 

Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy

Atherosclerosis

Myocardial infarction

Disseminated myofibrosis of the heart

Brown induration of the lungs

Edema of the lungs

Chronic hepatic venostasis

Embolism

Endocarditis

Dissecting aneurysm

Bronchopneumonia

Pneumonia

SCLC

NSCLC (squamous cell carcinoma)

Emphysema of the lung

Mesothelioma

NSCLC (adenocarcinoma)

Sarcoidosis

Pleomorphic adenoma

Chronic gastritis HP

Gastric carcinoma

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn's disease

Coeliac disease

Cirrhosis of the liver

Acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas

Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Ischaemic ileus

Differential diagnosis of metastatic liver involvement

Ulcer of the stomach

Ulcer of the duodenum

Salivary gland carcinoma - adenoid cystic type

Barrett's oesophagus

Chronic cholecystitis

Nephrosclerosis

DM nephropathy

Glomerulonephritis - post-infectious

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

Renal cell carcinoma

Meningitis

Meningeoma

Glioblastoma

Rupture of Bery aneurysm

Ischemic cerebral infarction

Prostate carcinoma

Seminoma

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

Carcinoma of the uterus 

Dysplasia of the cervix 

Carcinoma of the cervix

Serous carcinoma of the ovary

Fibroadenoma of the breast

Ductal carcinoma of the breast

Lobular carcinoma of the breast

Lichen sclerosus

Dermoid cyst of the ovary

Endometriosis

Endometrial polyp

Wilms tumour

Neuroblastoma

ALL

Meckel's diverticulum

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Hirsprung's disease

Hyaline membrane disease

Residues after pregnancy

Extrauterine pregnancy

Mola hydatidosa

Choriocarcinoma

Chorioamnionitis

Thyroid carcinoma - follicular

Thyroid carcinoma - papillary

Thyroid carcinoma - medullary

Hashimoto's disease

Graves-Basedow disease

Nodular goiter of the thyroid gland

Neuroendocrine tumour - pancreas

Neuroendocrine tumour - appendix

Neuroendocrine tumour - small intestine

Pheochromocytoma

Melanoma

Pigment nevus

Psoriasis

Eczema

Lichen planus

Basal cell carcinoma

1. External inspection
2. Death and postmortal changes
3. Internal inspection - basis of macroscopic description of  dissected tissues and organs
4. Arrangement of diagnoses
5. Ischemic changes of brain - macroscopic description
6. Brain hemmorhage - macroscopic description
7. Meningitis - macroscopic description
8. Hydrocephalus - macroscopic description
9. Pleuritis - macroscopic description
10. Pericarditis - macroscopic description
11. Hydrothorax and hydropericardium pathogenesis
12. Emphysema pulmonum - macroscopic description
13. Oedema pulmonum - macroscopic description
14. Pneumonia - macroscopic description
15. Pneumothorax - macroscopic description
16. Tumors of the lung - macroscopic description
17. Cor pulmonale - macroscopic description
18. Hypertension complications
19. Ischaemic heart disease - macroscopic description
20. Infarction of heart - complications
21. Atherosclerosis - complications
22. Chronic venostasis -changes of liver - macroscopic description
23. Chronic venostasis -changes of lung - macroscopic description
24. Oedema - macroscopic description
25. Cirhosis hepatis - macroscopic description
26. Steatosis hepatis - macroscopic description
27. Cholecystitis chronica - macroscopic description
28. Icterus - macroscopic description
29. Pancreatitis acuta haemmorhagica - macroscopic description
30. Thrombosis - macroscopic description
31. Embolism - macroscopic description
32. Peritonitis - macroscopic description
33. Ileus - macroscopic description
34. Pyelonephritis acuta - macroscopic description
35. Pyelonephritis chronica - macroscopic description
36. Urolithiasis - macroscopic description
37. Tumors of the kidney - macroscopic description
38. Hyperplasia of the prostate - macroscopic description
39. Myoma uteri - macroscopic description
40. Acute myeloic leukemia - macroscopic description
41. Acute lymphatic leukemia - macroscopic description
42. Chronic myeloic leukemia - macroscopic description
43. Chronic lymphatic leukemia - macroscopic description
44. Ulcus ventriculi - macroscopic description
45. Ulcus duodemi - macroscopic description
46. Tumors of the bowel - macroscopic description
47. Tumors of the stomach - macroscopic description
48. Tumors of the pancreas - macroscopic description
49. Metastasis - macroscopic description
50. Portal hypertension - macroscopic description
51. Autopsy of pediatric patients - macroscopic description
52. Macroreactions
53. Dissection of brain and spinal cord
54. Dissection of neck and chest organs
55. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex
56. Signs of maturity