General Medicine
Winter semester 2026/2027
The course in the winter semester starts on 16. September 2026.
Due to capacity reasons, it is necessary to attend the lessons exclusively with your own group as stated in the schedule.
1. Winter Semester Credit Requirements
To successfully complete the winter semester, students must meet all of the following requirements:
- attendance at all histopathology practical classes, including completion of the continuous assessment tests in Socrative
- achievement of a score higher than 75% in the final semester test
- attendance at all autopsy practical classes
A student who did not fulfil the requirements for the course credits for the winter semester in the previous academic year and is repeating the course in the following academic year is required to attend the entire course again.
2. Obtaining Course Credits
If course credits are not obtained during the final week of instruction, they may only be obtained during consultation hours.
Students who have not obtained the required course credits for the winter semester are not eligible to take the Pathological Anatomy examination in the summer semester.
3. Substitutions for Practical Classes
Missed histopathology and autopsy practical classes may be substituted during the winter examination period. You may substitute up to two histopathology practical classes.
All requirements relating to practical classes in the winter semester must be completed by 12 February 2027 at the latest.
4. The semester test during the winter semester (obligatory)
8.12.2026 - 17:30 - 19:30 M111 Moskovska 2
The test will be written in person.
To pass the semester test, you must score at least 75% (75 points).
5. Grading of students in the winter semester:
The final grading of students in the winter semester will be based on the sum of:
a. total points earned in the semester test (or compensatory test if the student scored less than 75 %), (max. 100 pts. total)
b. points earned from the tests through Socrative (max. 30 pts.) at each histopathology class as follows:
A 100-91% (130-118 points)
B 90-81% (117-105 points)
C 80-73% (104-95 points)
D 72-66% (94-86 points)
E 65-60% (85-78 points)
Fx <60% (< 78 points)
6. Compensatory tests:
Students who failed the tests during the semester will have compensatory terms to retake the tests.
The test will be written in person.
15.12.2026 - 14:00 - M111 Moskovska 2
19.01.2027 - 9:00 - M111 Moskovska 2
02.02.2027 - 9:00 - M111 Moskovska 2
Time schedule
Location of Practical Classes
Histopathology practical classes take place on the second floor of the New Theoretical Institutes building.
Autopsy practical classes take place on the ground floor of the New Theoretical Institutes building. Students must not bring personal belongings or study materials into the autopsy room.
Program of practicals in Pathological Anatomy for the Winter semester 2026/27
The course in winter semester 2026/27 runs from 14th September (even week) to 18th December 2026
Institte of Pathological anatomy, Faculty of Medicine CU in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava
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| 7,30 – 10,20 | 10,30 – 13,20 | 14,30 – 17,20 |
Pon. / Mon. | Párny Even | H | VL 7,8,9: | GM 5,6,7a: | ZL 1,2: |
P A | VL 10,11,31: | GM 7b,8,17: | ZL 3.4: | ||
Nepárny Odd | H | VL 10,11,31: | GM 7b,8,17: | ZL 3,4: | |
P A | VL 7,8,9: | GM 5,6,7a: | ZL 1,2: | ||
Ut. / Tue. | Párny Even | H | VL 1,2,3: | GM 1,2: | DM 1,2: |
P A | VL 4,5,32: | GM 3,4: |
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Nepárny Odd | H | VL 4,5,32: | GM 3,4: |
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P A | VL 1,2,3: | GM 1,2: | DM 1,2: | ||
Str. / Wed. | Párny Even | H | GM 13,14: | VL 6,12,19a: |
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P A | GM 15,16: | VL 19b,20,21: |
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Nepárny Odd | H | GM 15,16: | VL 19b,20,21: |
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P A | GM 13,14: | VL 6,12,19a: |
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Štv. / Thu. | Párny Even | H | VL 15,16,17a: | VL 18,25,26a: |
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PA | VL 17b,29,30: | VL 26b,27,28: |
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Nepárny Odd | H | VL 17b,29,30: | VL 26b,27,28: |
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PA | VL 15,16,17a: | VL 18,25,26a: |
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Pia. / Fri. | Párny Even | H | VL 13,14,22a: | GM 9,10: |
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PA | VL 22b,23,24: | GM 11,12: |
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Nepárny Odd | H | VL 22b,23,24: | GM 11,12: |
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PA | VL 13,14,22a: | GM 9,10: |
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Recommended study literature
Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Pathology, 8th Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical, 2018
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th Edition, ELSEVIER 2020, 1392 s.
Damjanov I.: Atlas of Histopathology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012, 399s.
Do not buy study materials (reduced syllabus) from your older classmates, as they contain incorrect information, save yourself study time and money :)
Program of seminars for the winter semester
1. - 2. week
I. Introduction. Autopsy. Basic histological techniques. Histological staining (acid, basic, histochemistry).
pdf
3. – 4. Week
II. Cell injury and cellular adaptations
pdf
5. – 6. Week
III. Necrosis, Healing
pdf
7. – 8. Week
IV. Inflammation
pdf
9. – 10. Week
V. Epithelial tumors
pdf
11. – 12. Week
VI. Mesenchymal tumors
pdf
13. – 14. Week
VII. Hemato-oncology
pdf
Program for autopsy practicals for the winter and summer semester
Winter semester:
1.-2. Death and postmortal changes.
3.-4. General external and internal inspection of the body. Pathological report and arrangement of diagnoses.
5.-6. Dissection of brain and spinal cord. Macroreactions.
7.-8. Dissection of neck and chest organs.
9.-10. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex.
11.-12. Autopsy of fetuses and children. Dissection of bones.
13.-14. Credit week (recapitulation)
Summer semester
1.-2. Macroscopic findings of brain and spinal cord diseases.
3.-4. Macroscopic findings of neck and chest organ diseases.
5.-6. Macroscopic findings of liver complex diseases.
7.-8. Macroscopic findings of uropoetic system diseases.
9.-10. Macroscopic findings of genital organs diseases.
11.-12. Macroscopic findings of hemopoetic system and RES diseases.
13.-14. Credit week. Practical examination from autopsy (first part of final exam).
Questions for the final exam (oral exam)
Oral exam questions:
I. General pathology
1. Methods in pathology
2. Death and postmortal changes
3. Causes and development of disease
4. Cellular structures and their disorders
5. Etiology and pathogenesis of cell injury
6. Cellular adaptations
7. Reversible cell injury
8. Cell death
9. Amyloidosis
10. Congenital and acquired disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus, glycogenoses)
11. Congenital and acquired disorders of lipid metabolism (steatosis, lipoidoses)
12. Endogenous pigments, icterus
13. Exogenous pigments, pneumoconiosis
14. Deposition of calcium and urates
15. Disturbances of blood circulation (heart, vessels, blood)
16. Hyperaemia (active, passive)
17. Local anemia (ischemia, infarct)
18. Shock (etiology, classification)
19. Thrombosis
20. Embolism
21. Edema
22. Inflammation (general concept)
23. Course of inflammation
24. Acute inflammation
25. Chronic inflammation
26. Granulomatous inflammation (nonspecific, specific)
27. Tuberculosis, primary and secondary
28. Syphilis, leprosy
29. Sepsis
30. Inflammation of serous membranes
31. Inflammations of mucosas
32. Intersticial inflammation
33. Bacterial inflammations
34. Viral inflammations
35. Fungal inflammations
36. Parasitary inflammations
37. AIDS
38. Autoimmune diseases
39. Immunopathologic processes
40. Transplantation rejection
41. Healing in general (reparation, regeneration)
42. Healing of specialised tissues (bone, thrombus, effusion)
43. Developmental disorders (cardiovascular system, musculo-skeletal system)
44. Genetically determined disease
45. Environmental diseases (in general)
46. Nutritional diseases (in general)
47. Irradiation diseases
II. Oncologic pathology
1. Characteristics of tumors
2. Microscopic structure of tumors
3. Classification of tumors
4. Tumor diagnosis (biopsy, cytology)
5. Tumor antigens
6. Benignity and malignity of tumors
7. Spread of malignant tumors
8. Cancerogenic factors, precanceroses
9. Tumor influence on organism (local, systemic)
10. Benign epithelial tumors
11. Malignant epithelial tumors
12. Planocellular (squamous cell) carcinomas
13. Glandular (adeno)carcinomas
14. Soft tissue tumors (benign, malignant)
15. Connective tissue tumors
16. Tumors of cartilage, bone, joints and tendon sheets
17. Tumors of muscle cells
18. Vascular tumors
19. Hemoblastoses (in general, classification)
20. Myeloid neoplasms (acute, chronic, myelodysplastic syndrome)
21. Hodgkin's lymphoma
22. Non Hodgkin lymphomas (classification)
23. T-cell lymphomas/leukemias
24. B-cell lymphomas/leukemias
25. Tumors of CNS
26. Tumors of peripheral nerve system
27. Pigment nevus and malignant melanoma
28. Lung tumors
29. Tumors of digestive system
30. Tumors of oral cavity and esophagus
31. Tumors of the stomach
32. Tumors of the small intestine and colon
33. Fibrocystic changes of breast (benign breast dysplasia)
34. Breast tumors
35. Tumors of uterus
36. Pathological changes of uterine cervix
37. Tumors of ovaries
38. Tumors of prostate and testis
39. Tumors of kidney and urinary pathes
40. Tumors of thyroid gland
41. Tumors of endocrine glands
42. Tumors of skin and skin adnexa
43. Tumors of childhood
44. Choriocarcinoma + placental site trophoblastic tumor
45. Teratomas, hamartomas
III. Special pathology
1. Endocarditis infective, non-infective
2. Myocarditis
3. Cardiomyopathy
4. Pericarditis
5. Rheumatic fever
6. Congenital diseases of heart, blood vessels)
7. Atherosclerosis
8. Vasculitis
9. Hypertensive disease, complications
10. Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction
11. Left- and right-sided heart failure
12. Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease
13. Bronchitis (acute, chronic)
14. Pneumonia lobar, bronchopmeumonia, intersticial
15. Bronchial asthma
16. Emphysema and atelectasis of lungs
17. Respiratory distress syndrome
18. Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, infectious mononucleosis
19. Cysts of the neck region
20. Sialoadenitis and salivary gland tumors
21. Gastroduodenal ulcer disease
22. Gastritis and esophagitis
23. Enteritis and colitis
24. Malabsorption syndrome
25. Crohn´s disease. Ulcerative colitis
26. Ileus, Herniations
27. Megacolon congenitum
28. Appendicitis
29. Inflammations of liver. Liver failure
30. Liver cirrhosis, etiological classiification, complications
31. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis
32. Pancreatitis (acute, chronic)
33. Peritonitis
34. Renal failure, acute renal insufficiency
35. Glomerulonephritis
36. Tubulointersticial nephritis
37. Nephrolithiasis
38. Autoimmune thyreoiditis
39. Goiter
40. Pituitary syndromes
41. Diabetes mellitus (1., 2. type)
42. Pathology of adrenals
43. Diffuse neuroendocrine system and its disorders
44. Inflammations of bone and joints (nonspecific, specific)
45. Rheumatiod arthritis and gout
46. Deforming diseases of bones (rickets and osteodystrophy)
47. Deformities of vertebral column and skull
49. Prostate inflammation, hyperplasia
50. Cysts of the ovary
51. Pathology of pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease
52. Non neoplastic pathological changes of endometrium
53. Newborn and suckling diseases
54. Causes of perinatal death
55. Cystic fibrosis
56. Anemia (hemolytic, pernicious, aplastic)
57. Intracranial hemorrhage
58. Hydrocephalus
59. Ischemic brain injury
60. Meningitis
61. Encephalitis, myelitis
62. Demyelinating diseases
63. Pathological changes of peripheral nerves (polyneuroplathies)
64. Blistering dermatitis
65. Spongiform dermatitis (seborrhea, allergies)
66. Lichenoid and psoriaform dermatitis
67. Infectious dermatitis (bacterial, viral, fungal)
68. Diseases of conjunctiva, cornea and lacrimal glands
69. Diseases of retina, retinopathies, glaucoma
70. Lymphadenopathies (differential diagnosis)
IV. Part of the final examination is microscopic evaluation of one histopathological slide.
List of histological slides:
hydropic dystrophy of the kidney
Amyloidosis
amyloidosis - Congo red
hepatic steatosis
lipomatosis of the pancreas
myocardial hypertrophy
skeletal muscle atrophy
bronchial epithelial metaplasia
prostatic hyperplasia
Coagulative necrosis - anaemic infarction of the kidney
Coagulative necrosis - haemorrhagic infarction of the lung
Coagulation necrosis - encephalomalacia
Fibrinoid necrosis - polyarteritis nodosa
Healing of myocardial infarction
Fibrinous peritonitis in organization
Thrombus in organization
TB of the lung - caseous necrosis
Influenza
Fibrinous pericarditis
Abscess of the brain
Appendicitis
Pseudomembranous inflammation
Sarcoidosis
Actinomycosis
Aspergillosis
Granuloma around a foreign body
Actinic keratosis
Leukoplakia
Papilloma of squamous cell skin
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Squamous cell carcinoma - oropharynx
Squamous cell carcinoma - oesophagus
Adenomatous polyp
Adenocarcinoma of the colon G1
Papilloma urothelial
Urothelial papillary carcinoma invasive/non-invasive
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Capillary haemangioma
Kaposi's sarcoma
Fibroma
Lipoma
Liposarcoma
Osteoma
Osteosarcoma
GIST
Chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Plasmocytoma
Mycosis fungoides
Essential thrombocythemia
Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Disseminated myofibrosis of the heart
Brown induration of the lungs
Edema of the lungs
Chronic hepatic venostasis
Embolism
Endocarditis
Dissecting aneurysm
Bronchopneumonia
Pneumonia
SCLC
NSCLC (squamous cell carcinoma)
Emphysema of the lung
Mesothelioma
NSCLC (adenocarcinoma)
Sarcoidosis
Pleomorphic adenoma
Chronic gastritis HP
Gastric carcinoma
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
Coeliac disease
Cirrhosis of the liver
Acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas
Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
Ischaemic ileus
Differential diagnosis of metastatic liver involvement
Ulcer of the stomach
Ulcer of the duodenum
Salivary gland carcinoma - adenoid cystic type
Barrett's oesophagus
Chronic cholecystitis
Nephrosclerosis
DM nephropathy
Glomerulonephritis - post-infectious
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Renal cell carcinoma
Meningitis
Meningeoma
Glioblastoma
Rupture of Bery aneurysm
Ischemic cerebral infarction
Prostate carcinoma
Seminoma
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Carcinoma of the uterus
Dysplasia of the cervix
Carcinoma of the cervix
Serous carcinoma of the ovary
Fibroadenoma of the breast
Ductal carcinoma of the breast
Lobular carcinoma of the breast
Lichen sclerosus
Dermoid cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
Endometrial polyp
Wilms tumour
Neuroblastoma
ALL
Meckel's diverticulum
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hirsprung's disease
Hyaline membrane disease
Residues after pregnancy
Extrauterine pregnancy
Mola hydatidosa
Choriocarcinoma
Chorioamnionitis
Thyroid carcinoma - follicular
Thyroid carcinoma - papillary
Thyroid carcinoma - medullary
Hashimoto's disease
Graves-Basedow disease
Nodular goiter of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine tumour - pancreas
Neuroendocrine tumour - appendix
Neuroendocrine tumour - small intestine
Pheochromocytoma
Melanoma
Pigment nevus
Psoriasis
Eczema
Lichen planus
Basal cell carcinoma
Questions for the practical examination from autopsy
1. Death and postmortal changes
2. Arrangement of diagnoses
3. External inspection
4. Fetal autopsy, signs of maturity
5. Edema
6. Thrombosis
7. Embolism
8. Metastasis
9. Ischemic changes of the brain
10. Intracranial hemorrhage
11. Meningitis
12. Hydrocephalus
13. Pleuritis
14. Hydrothorax and hydropericardium
15. Emphysema of the lungs
16. Edema of the lungs
17. Chronic venostasis of the lungs
18. Pneumonia
19. Pneumothorax
20. Tumors of the lungs
21. Pericarditis
22. Cor pulmonale
23. Hypertension and its complications
24. Ischemic heart disease
25. Myocardial infarction and its complications
26. Atherosclerosis and its complications
27. Peritonitis
28. Ileus
29. Stomach and duodenal ulcer
30. Tumors of the stomach
31. Tumors of the bowel
32. Steatosis and chronic venostasis of the liver
33. Cirrhosis of the liver
34. Icterus
35. Portal hypertension
36. Chronic cholecystitis
37. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis
38. Tumors of the pancreas
39. Acute and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
40. Urolithiasis
41. Tumors of the kidney
42. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
43. Myoma of the uterus
44. Pathological changes in the endocrine glands (thyroid gland, adrenal gland)
45. Leukémie (AML, ALL, CML, CLL)