General Medicine

Winter semester 2025/2026

1. Credit requirements in the winter semester:
- Attendance at all classes in histopathology and passing of all tests through Socrative at each histopathology class. Passing the written semestral test with minimum score of 75 %.

- Attendance at all autopsy classes.

Students who failed the credit requirements in the winter semester of the previous academic year and have transferred the course to the following academic year, have to attend the whole course in full extent.

2. If the credit is not granted at the last class, it will be granted only during the consultation hours. If the credit from the winter semester is not granted, the student will not be allowed to sign up for the final exam in pathological anatomy in the summer semester.

3. Compensation of classes

Practicals in histopathology can be substituted for a serious reason after an individual agreement with both teachers within the 2-week period, in which the topic is covered. A maximum of 2 practicals can be substituted during the semester (except for students in the Erasmus program).

Autopsy practicals can be substituted during the whole semester. A maximum of 2 practicals can be substituted during the semester (except for students in the Erasmus program).

If a student does not attend the class with his/her group and does not substitute it during the semester, they will have the chance to substitute it at the end of the semester.

The attendances of all winter semester classes must be completed until February 13th 2026.

4. The semester test during the winter semester (obligatory)

4.12.2025 - 7:30 - 9:30 M111 Moskovska 2 

The test will be written in person.
To pass the semester test, a minimum score of 75% (75 points) is required.

5. Grading of students in the winter semester:

The final grading of students in the winter semester will be based on the sum of: a. total points earned in the semester test (or compensatory test if the student scored less than 75 %), (max. 100 pts. total) and b. points earned from the tests through Socrative (max. 30 pts.) at each histopathology class as follows:

A 100-91% (130-118 points)
B 90-81% (117-105 points)
C 80-73% (104-95 points)
D 72-66% (94-86 points)
E 65-60% (85-78 points)
Fx <60% (< 78 points)


6. Compensatory tests:

Students, who failed the tests during the semester, will have compensatory terms to retake the tests.

The test will be written in person.

16.12.2025 - 14:00 - M111 Moskovska 2

13.1.2026 - 9:00 - M111 Moskovska 2

3.2.2026 - 9:00 - M111 Moskovska 2

 

 

Summer semester 2024/2025

1. Requirements for completion of the course Pathological Anatomy 2:

 

a) Participate in all histopathology classes and complete 2 Socrative tests during histopathology practicals.

The minimum score on the Socrative tests is 18 points (60%).

 

b) Final written multiple-choice test

The test is written in presence in the computer rooms of the FMCU. *

Minimum score of 75% (75 points) is considered a passing score of the test.

Test date

14.5.2025 from  17:30 - 19:00 – Moskovská street, M111 room

* Distribution of students to computer rooms will be announced in due course.

 

c) Attendance at all autopsies.

d) Practical examination of the autopsy classes - oral form

 

Any student who has not met the requirements for Pathological Anatomy 2 will not be allowed to sit for the final examination.

 

2. Substitution

 

Classes in histopathology may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor/teacher during the two-week cycle when the topic is covered. A maximum of 2 histopathology classes may be substituted during the semester.

 

An autopsy class may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor throughout the semester. A maximum of 2 autopsy casses may be substituted during the semester.

 

- The student is required to submit a confirmation of the substitution to his/her instructor during the semester. If the student does not make up the missing exercises during the given fortnight, he/she will have to make them up at the end of the semester.

 

3. Lectures

The lectures will be held onsite according to the published schedule.

 

4. Final Exam:

The final exam consists of:

a) Written part - description of one histological specimen

b) Oral examination (3 questions) 1. general pathology

    2. oncology

    3. special pathology

 

5. Alternate tests:

 

A student who has not met the requirement of successfully passing the tests during the semester will be given three compensatory dates to write the tests.

Tests will be written in person in the FMCU computer rooms.

Compensatory test 1: May 27, 2025, from 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.

Compensatory test 2: 5.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.

Compensatory test 3: 17.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.

Time schedule

 

Histopathology practicals take place on the 2. floor of New theoretical institutes.

Autopsy practicals take place on the ground floor of the New theoretical institutes. Students do not bring anything with them on autopsies.

Recommended study literature

Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Pathology, 8th Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical, 2018
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th Edition, ELSEVIER 2020, 1392 s.
Damjanov I.: Atlas of Histopathology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012, 399s.
 

Do not buy study materials (reduced syllabus) from your older classmates, as they contain incorrect information, save yourself study time and money :)

Program of seminars for the summer semester

I. The use of molecular biology in pathological anatomy. 

II. Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system pathology

III. Gastrointestinal pathology

IV. Uropathology, Neuropathology

V. Pathology of reproductive organs 

VI. Pathology of childhood and pregnancy

VII. Dermatopathology, Pathology of the endocrine system

Program of seminars for the winter semester

1. - 2. week
I. Introduction. Autopsy. Basic histological techniques.  Histological staining (acid, basic, histochemistry).
pdf

3. – 4. Week
II. Cell injury and cellular adaptations
pdf

5. – 6.  Week
III. Necrosis, Healing
pdf

7. – 8. Week
IV. Inflammation
pdf

9. – 10. Week
V. Epithelial tumors
pdf

11. – 12. Week
VI. Mesenchymal tumors
pdf

13. – 14. Week
VII. Hemato-oncology
pdf

Lectures

 

Program for autopsy practicals for the winter and summer semester

Winter semester:

1.-2. Death and postmortal changes.

3.-4. General external and internal inspection of the body. Pathological report and arrangement of diagnoses.

5.-6. Dissection of brain and spinal cord. Macroreactions.

7.-8. Dissection of neck and chest organs.

9.-10. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex.

11.-12. Autopsy of fetuses and children. Dissection of bones.

13.-14. Credit week (recapitulation)

Summer semester

1.-2. Macroscopic findings of brain and spinal cord diseases.

3.-4. Macroscopic findings of neck and chest organ diseases.

5.-6. Macroscopic findings of liver complex diseases.

7.-8. Macroscopic findings of uropoetic system diseases.

9.-10. Macroscopic findings of genital organs diseases.

11.-12. Macroscopic findings of hemopoetic system and RES  diseases.

13.-14. Credit week. Practical examination from autopsy (first part of final exam).

Questions for the final exam (oral exam)

1.     Endocarditis infective, non-infective

2.     Myocarditis

3.     Cardiomyopathy

4.     Pericarditis

5.     Rheumatic fever

6.     Congenital diseases of heart, blood vessels)

7.     Atherosclerosis

8.     Vasculitis

9.     Hypertensive disease, complications

10.   Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction

11.   Left- and right-sided heart failure

12.   Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease

13.   Bronchitis (acute, chronic)

14.   Pneumonia lobar, bronchopmeumonia, intersticial

15.   Bronchial asthma

16.   Emphysema and atelectasis of lungs

17.   Respiratory distress syndrome

18.   Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, infectious mononucleosis

19.   Cysts of the neck region

20.   Sialoadenitis and salivary gland tumors

21.   Gastroduodenal ulcer disease

22.   Gastritis and esophagitis

23.   Enteritis and colitis

24.   Malabsorption syndrome

25.   Crohn´s disease. Ulcerative colitis

26.   Ileus, Herniations

27.   Megacolon congenitum

28.   Appendicitis

29.   Inflammations of liver. Liver failure

30.   Liver cirrhosis, etiological classiification, complications

31.   Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis

32.   Pancreatitis (acute, chronic)

33.   Peritonitis

34.   Renal failure, acute renal insufficiency

35.   Glomerulonephritis

36.   Tubulointersticial nephritis

37.   Nephrolithiasis

38.   Autoimmune thyreoiditis

39.   Goiter

40.   Pituitary syndromes

41.   Diabetes mellitus (1., 2. type)

42.   Pathology of adrenals

43.   Diffuse neuroendocrine system and its disorders

44.   Inflammations of bone and joints (nonspecific, specific)

45.   Rheumatiod arthritis and gout

46.   Deforming diseases of bones (rickets and osteodystrophy)

47.   Deformities of vertebral column and skull

48.   Skeletal muscle diseases

49.   Prostate inflammation, hyperplasia

50.   Cysts of the ovary

51.   Pathology of pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease

52.   Non neoplastic pathological changes of endometrium  

53.   Newborn and suckling diseases

54.   Causes of perinatal death

55.   Cystic fibrosis

56.   Anemia (hemolytic, pernicious, aplastic)

57.   Intracranial hemorrhage

58.   Hydrocephalus

59.   Ischemic brain injury

60.   Meningitis

61.   Encephalitis, myelitis

62.   Demyelinating diseases

63.   Pathological changes of peripheral nerves (polyneuroplathies)

64.   Blistering dermatitis

65.   Spongiform dermatitis (seborrhea, allergies)

66.   Lichenoid and psoriaform dermatitis

67.   Infectious dermatitis (bacterial, viral, fungal)

68.   Diseases of conjunctiva,  cornea and lacrimal glands

69.   Diseases of retina, retinopathies, glaucoma

70.   Lymphadenopathies (differential diagnosis)

 

IV. Part of the final examination is microscopic evaluation of one histopathological slide.

List of histological slides:

 

hydropic dystrophy of the kidney

Amyloidosis

amyloidosis - Congo red

hepatic steatosis

lipomatosis of the pancreas

myocardial hypertrophy

skeletal muscle atrophy

bronchial epithelial metaplasia

prostatic hyperplasia

Coagulative necrosis - anaemic infarction of the kidney

Coagulative necrosis - haemorrhagic infarction of the lung

Coagulation necrosis - encephalomalacia

Fibrinoid necrosis - polyarteritis nodosa

Healing of myocardial infarction

Fibrinous peritonitis in organization

Thrombus in organization

TB of the lung - caseous necrosis

Influenza

Fibrinous pericarditis

Abscess of the brain

Appendicitis

Pseudomembranous inflammation

Sarcoidosis

Actinomycosis

Aspergillosis

Granuloma around a foreign body

Actinic keratosis

Leukoplakia

Papilloma of squamous cell skin

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Squamous cell carcinoma - oropharynx

Squamous cell carcinoma - oesophagus

Adenomatous polyp

Adenocarcinoma of the colon G1

Papilloma urothelial

Urothelial papillary carcinoma invasive/non-invasive

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Capillary haemangioma

Kaposi's sarcoma

Fibroma

Lipoma

Liposarcoma

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

GIST

Chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML)

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

Plasmocytoma

Mycosis fungoides

Essential thrombocythemia 

Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy

Atherosclerosis

Myocardial infarction

Disseminated myofibrosis of the heart

Brown induration of the lungs

Edema of the lungs

Chronic hepatic venostasis

Embolism

Endocarditis

Dissecting aneurysm

Bronchopneumonia

Pneumonia

SCLC

NSCLC (squamous cell carcinoma)

Emphysema of the lung

Mesothelioma

NSCLC (adenocarcinoma)

Sarcoidosis

Pleomorphic adenoma

Chronic gastritis HP

Gastric carcinoma

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn's disease

Coeliac disease

Cirrhosis of the liver

Acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas

Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Ischaemic ileus

Differential diagnosis of metastatic liver involvement

Ulcer of the stomach

Ulcer of the duodenum

Salivary gland carcinoma - adenoid cystic type

Barrett's oesophagus

Chronic cholecystitis

Nephrosclerosis

DM nephropathy

Glomerulonephritis - post-infectious

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

Renal cell carcinoma

Meningitis

Meningeoma

Glioblastoma

Rupture of Bery aneurysm

Ischemic cerebral infarction

Prostate carcinoma

Seminoma

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

Carcinoma of the uterus 

Dysplasia of the cervix 

Carcinoma of the cervix

Serous carcinoma of the ovary

Fibroadenoma of the breast

Ductal carcinoma of the breast

Lobular carcinoma of the breast

Lichen sclerosus

Dermoid cyst of the ovary

Endometriosis

Endometrial polyp

Wilms tumour

Neuroblastoma

ALL

Meckel's diverticulum

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Hirsprung's disease

Hyaline membrane disease

Residues after pregnancy

Extrauterine pregnancy

Mola hydatidosa

Choriocarcinoma

Chorioamnionitis

Thyroid carcinoma - follicular

Thyroid carcinoma - papillary

Thyroid carcinoma - medullary

Hashimoto's disease

Graves-Basedow disease

Nodular goiter of the thyroid gland

Neuroendocrine tumour - pancreas

Neuroendocrine tumour - appendix

Neuroendocrine tumour - small intestine

Pheochromocytoma

Melanoma

Pigment nevus

Psoriasis

Eczema

Lichen planus

Basal cell carcinoma

 

 

 

Health and safety regulations

HCSA

FMCU