General Medicine
Summer semester 2024/2025
1. Requirements for completion of the course Pathological Anatomy 2:
a) Participate in all histopathology classes and complete 2 Socrative tests during histopathology practicals.
The minimum score on the Socrative tests is 18 points (60%).
b) Final written multiple-choice test
The test is written in presence in the computer rooms of the FMCU. *
Minimum score of 75% (75 points) is considered a passing score of the test.
Test date
14.5.2025 from 17:30 - 19:00 – Moskovská street, M111 room
* Distribution of students to computer rooms will be announced in due course.
c) Attendance at all autopsies.
d) Practical examination of the autopsy classes - oral form
Any student who has not met the requirements for Pathological Anatomy 2 will not be allowed to sit for the final examination.
2. Substitution
Classes in histopathology may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor/teacher during the two-week cycle when the topic is covered. A maximum of 2 histopathology classes may be substituted during the semester.
An autopsy class may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor throughout the semester. A maximum of 2 autopsy casses may be substituted during the semester.
- The student is required to submit a confirmation of the substitution to his/her instructor during the semester. If the student does not make up the missing exercises during the given fortnight, he/she will have to make them up at the end of the semester.
3. Lectures
The lectures will be held onsite according to the published schedule.
4. Final Exam:
The final exam consists of:
a) Written part - description of one histological specimen
b) Oral examination (3 questions) 1. general pathology
2. oncology
3. special pathology
5. Alternate tests:
A student who has not met the requirement of successfully passing the tests during the semester will be given three compensatory dates to write the tests.
Tests will be written in person in the FMCU computer rooms.
Compensatory test 1: May 27, 2025, from 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.
Compensatory test 2: 5.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.
Compensatory test 3: 17.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.
Time schedule
Histopathology practicals take place on the 2. floor of New theoretical institutes.
Autopsy practicals take place on the ground floor of the New theoretical institutes. Students do not bring anything with them on autopsies.
Recommended study literature
Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Pathology, 8th Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical, 2018
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th Edition, ELSEVIER 2020, 1392 s.
Damjanov I.: Atlas of Histopathology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012, 399s.
Sapp P.J.: Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2 edition, MOSBY 2003, 450s.
Do not buy study materials (reduced syllabus) from your older classmates, as they contain incorrect information, save yourself study time and money :)
Program of seminars for the summer semester 2024/2025
I. The use of molecular biology in pathological anatomy.
pdf
II. Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system pathology
pdf
III. Gastrointestinal pathology
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IV. Uropathology, Neuropathology
pdf
V. Pathology of reproductive organs
pdf
VI. Pathology of childhood and pregnancy
pdf
VII. Dermatopathology, Pathology of the endocrine system
pdf
Program of seminars for the winter semester 2024/2025
1. - 2. week
I. Introduction. Autopsy. Basic histological techniques. Histological staining (acid, basic, histochemistry). Molecular biology in diagnostic patology.
3. – 4. Week
II. Cell injury and cellular adaptations
pdf
5. – 6. Week
III. Necrosis, Healing
pdf
7. – 8. Week
IV. Inflammation
pdf
9. – 10. Week
V. Epithelial tumors
pdf
11. – 12. Week
VI. Mesenchymal tumors
pdf
13. – 14. Week
VII. Hemato-oncology
pdf
Lectures
Program of practical exercises for the winter and summer semester
Winter semester:
1.-2. Death and postmortal changes.
3.-4. General external and internal inspection of the body. Pathological report and arrangement of diagnoses.
5.-6. Dissection of brain and spinal cord. Macroreactions.
7.-8. Dissection of neck and chest organs.
9.-10. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex.
11.-12. Autopsy of fetuses and children. Dissection of bones.
13.-14. Credit week (recapitulation)
Summer semester
1.-2. Macroscopic findings of brain and spinal cord diseases.
3.-4. Macroscopic findings of neck and chest organ diseases.
5.-6. Macroscopic findings of liver complex diseases.
7.-8. Macroscopic findings of uropoetic system diseases.
9.-10. Macroscopic findings of genital organs diseases.
11.-12. Macroscopic findings of hemopoetic system and RES diseases.
13.-14. Credit week. Practical examination from autopsy (first part of final exam).
Questions for the final exam (oral exam)
Oral exam questions:
I. General pathology
1. Methods in pathology
2. Death and postmortal changes
3. Causes and development of disease
4. Cellular structures and their disorders
5. Etiology and pathogenesis of cell injury
6. Cellular adaptations
7. Reversible cell injury
8. Cell death
9. Amyloidosis
10. Congenital and acquired disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus, glycogenoses)
11. Congenital and acquired disorders of lipid metabolism (steatosis, lipoidoses)
12. Endogenous pigments, icterus
13. Exogenous pigments, pneumoconiosis
14. Deposition of calcium and urates
15. Disturbances of blood circulation (heart, vessels, blood)
16. Hyperaemia (active, passive)
17. Local anemia (ischemia, infarct)
18. Shock (etiology, classification)
19. Thrombosis
20. Embolism
21. Edema
22. Inflammation (general concept)
23. Course of inflammation
24. Acute inflammation
25. Chronic inflammation
26. Granulomatous inflammation (nonspecific, specific)
27. Tuberculosis, primary and secondary
28. Syphilis, leprosy
29. Sepsis
30. Inflammation of serous membranes
31. Inflammations of mucosas
32. Intersticial inflammation
33. Bacterial inflammations
34. Viral inflammations
35. Fungal inflammations
36. Parasitary inflammations
37. AIDS
38. Autoimmune diseases
39. Immunopathologic processes
40. Transplantation rejection
41. Healing in general (reparation, regeneration)
42. Healing of specialised tissues (bone, thrombus, effusion)
43. Developmental disorders (cardiovascular system, musculo-skeletal system)
44. Genetically determined disease
45. Environmental diseases (in general)
46. Nutritional diseases (in general)
47. Irradiation diseases
II. Oncologic pathology
1. Characteristics of tumors
2. Microscopic structure of tumors
3. Classification of tumors
4. Tumor diagnosis (biopsy, cytology)
5. Tumor antigens
6. Benignity and malignity of tumors
7. Spread of malignant tumors
8. Cancerogenic factors, precanceroses
9. Tumor influence on organism (local, systemic)
10. Benign epithelial tumors
11. Malignant epithelial tumors
12. Planocellular (squamous cell) carcinomas
13. Glandular (adeno)carcinomas
14. Soft tissue tumors (benign, malignant)
15. Connective tissue tumors
16. Tumors of cartilage, bone, joints and tendon sheets
17. Tumors of muscle cells
18. Vascular tumors
19. Hemoblastoses (in general, classification)
20. Myeloid neoplasms (acute, chronic, myelodysplastic syndrome)
21. Hodgkin's lymphoma
22. Non Hodgkin lymphomas (classification)
23. T-cell lymphomas/leukemias
24. B-cell lymphomas/leukemias
25. Tumors of CNS
26. Tumors of peripheral nerve system
27. Pigment nevus and malignant melanoma
28. Lung tumors
29. Tumors of digestive system
30. Tumors of oral cavity and esophagus
31. Tumors of the stomach
32. Tumors of the small intestine and colon
33. Fibrocystic changes of breast (benign breast dysplasia)
34. Breast tumors
35. Tumors of uterus
36. Pathological changes of uterine cervix
37. Tumors of ovaries
38. Tumors of prostate and testis
39. Tumors of kidney and urinary pathes
40. Tumors of thyroid gland
41. Tumors of endocrine glands
42. Tumors of skin and skin adnexa
43. Tumors of childhood
44. Choriocarcinoma + placental site trophoblastic tumor
45. Teratomas, hamartomas
III. Special pathology
1. Endocarditis infective, non-infective
2. Myocarditis
3. Cardiomyopathy
4. Pericarditis
5. Rheumatic fever
6. Congenital diseases of heart, blood vessels)
7. Atherosclerosis
8. Vasculitis
9. Hypertensive disease, complications
10. Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction
11. Left- and right-sided heart failure
12. Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease
13. Bronchitis (acute, chronic)
14. Pneumonia lobar, bronchopmeumonia, intersticial
15. Bronchial asthma
16. Emphysema and atelectasis of lungs
17. Respiratory distress syndrome
18. Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, infectious mononucleosis
19. Cysts of the neck region
20. Sialoadenitis and salivary gland tumors
21. Gastroduodenal ulcer disease
22. Gastritis and esophagitis
23. Enteritis and colitis
24. Malabsorption syndrome
25. Crohn´s disease. Ulcerative colitis
26. Ileus, Herniations
27. Megacolon congenitum
28. Appendicitis
29. Inflammations of liver. Liver failure
30. Liver cirrhosis, etiological classiification, complications
31. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis
32. Pancreatitis (acute, chronic)
33. Peritonitis
34. Renal failure, acute renal insufficiency
35. Glomerulonephritis
36. Tubulointersticial nephritis
37. Nephrolithiasis
38. Autoimmune thyreoiditis
39. Goiter
40. Pituitary syndromes
41. Diabetes mellitus (1., 2. type)
42. Pathology of adrenals
43. Diffuse neuroendocrine system and its disorders
44. Inflammations of bone and joints (nonspecific, specific)
45. Rheumatiod arthritis and gout
46. Deforming diseases of bones (rickets and osteodystrophy)
47. Deformities of vertebral column and skull
49. Prostate inflammation, hyperplasia
50. Cysts of the ovary
51. Pathology of pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease
52. Non neoplastic pathological changes of endometrium
53. Newborn and suckling diseases
54. Causes of perinatal death
55. Cystic fibrosis
56. Anemia (hemolytic, pernicious, aplastic)
57. Intracranial hemorrhage
58. Hydrocephalus
59. Ischemic brain injury
60. Meningitis
61. Encephalitis, myelitis
62. Demyelinating diseases
63. Pathological changes of peripheral nerves (polyneuroplathies)
64. Blistering dermatitis
65. Spongiform dermatitis (seborrhea, allergies)
66. Lichenoid and psoriaform dermatitis
67. Infectious dermatitis (bacterial, viral, fungal)
68. Diseases of conjunctiva, cornea and lacrimal glands
69. Diseases of retina, retinopathies, glaucoma
70. Lymphadenopathies (differential diagnosis)
IV. Part of the final examination is microscopic evaluation of one histopathological slide.
List of histological slides:
hydropic dystrophy of the kidney
Amyloidosis
amyloidosis - Congo red
hepatic steatosis
lipomatosis of the pancreas
myocardial hypertrophy
skeletal muscle atrophy
bronchial epithelial metaplasia
prostatic hyperplasia
Coagulative necrosis - anaemic infarction of the kidney
Coagulative necrosis - haemorrhagic infarction of the lung
Coagulation necrosis - encephalomalacia
Fibrinoid necrosis - polyarteritis nodosa
Healing of myocardial infarction
Fibrinous peritonitis in organization
Thrombus in organization
TB of the lung - caseous necrosis
Influenza
Fibrinous pericarditis
Abscess of the brain
Appendicitis
Pseudomembranous inflammation
Sarcoidosis
Actinomycosis
Aspergillosis
Granuloma around a foreign body
Actinic keratosis
Leukoplakia
Papilloma of squamous cell skin
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Squamous cell carcinoma - oropharynx
Squamous cell carcinoma - oesophagus
Adenomatous polyp
Adenocarcinoma of the colon G1
Papilloma urothelial
Urothelial papillary carcinoma invasive/non-invasive
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Capillary haemangioma
Kaposi's sarcoma
Fibroma
Lipoma
Liposarcoma
Osteoma
Osteosarcoma
GIST
Chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Plasmocytoma
Mycosis fungoides
Essential thrombocythemia
Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Disseminated myofibrosis of the heart
Brown induration of the lungs
Edema of the lungs
Chronic hepatic venostasis
Embolism
Endocarditis
Dissecting aneurysm
Bronchopneumonia
Pneumonia
SCLC
NSCLC (squamous cell carcinoma)
Emphysema of the lung
Mesothelioma
NSCLC (adenocarcinoma)
Sarcoidosis
Pleomorphic adenoma
Chronic gastritis HP
Gastric carcinoma
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
Coeliac disease
Cirrhosis of the liver
Acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas
Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
Ischaemic ileus
Differential diagnosis of metastatic liver involvement
Ulcer of the stomach
Ulcer of the duodenum
Salivary gland carcinoma - adenoid cystic type
Barrett's oesophagus
Chronic cholecystitis
Nephrosclerosis
DM nephropathy
Glomerulonephritis - post-infectious
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Renal cell carcinoma
Meningitis
Meningeoma
Glioblastoma
Rupture of Bery aneurysm
Ischemic cerebral infarction
Prostate carcinoma
Seminoma
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Carcinoma of the uterus
Dysplasia of the cervix
Carcinoma of the cervix
Serous carcinoma of the ovary
Fibroadenoma of the breast
Ductal carcinoma of the breast
Lobular carcinoma of the breast
Lichen sclerosus
Dermoid cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
Endometrial polyp
Wilms tumour
Neuroblastoma
ALL
Meckel's diverticulum
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hirsprung's disease
Hyaline membrane disease
Residues after pregnancy
Extrauterine pregnancy
Mola hydatidosa
Choriocarcinoma
Chorioamnionitis
Thyroid carcinoma - follicular
Thyroid carcinoma - papillary
Thyroid carcinoma - medullary
Hashimoto's disease
Graves-Basedow disease
Nodular goiter of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine tumour - pancreas
Neuroendocrine tumour - appendix
Neuroendocrine tumour - small intestine
Pheochromocytoma
Melanoma
Pigment nevus
Psoriasis
Eczema
Lichen planus
Basal cell carcinoma
Questions for the practical examination from autopsy
1. External inspection
2. Death and postmortal changes
3. Internal inspection - basis of macroscopic description of dissected tissues and organs
4. Arrangement of diagnoses
5. Ischemic changes of brain - macroscopic description
6. Brain hemmorhage - macroscopic description
7. Meningitis - macroscopic description
8. Hydrocephalus - macroscopic description
9. Pleuritis - macroscopic description
10. Pericarditis - macroscopic description
11. Hydrothorax and hydropericardium pathogenesis
12. Emphysema pulmonum - macroscopic description
13. Oedema pulmonum - macroscopic description
14. Pneumonia - macroscopic description
15. Pneumothorax - macroscopic description
16. Tumors of the lung - macroscopic description
17. Cor pulmonale - macroscopic description
18. Hypertension complications
19. Ischaemic heart disease - macroscopic description
20. Infarction of heart - complications
21. Atherosclerosis - complications
22. Chronic venostasis -changes of liver - macroscopic description
23. Chronic venostasis -changes of lung - macroscopic description
24. Oedema - macroscopic description
25. Cirhosis hepatis - macroscopic description
26. Steatosis hepatis - macroscopic description
27. Cholecystitis chronica - macroscopic description
28. Icterus - macroscopic description
29. Pancreatitis acuta haemmorhagica - macroscopic description
30. Thrombosis - macroscopic description
31. Embolism - macroscopic description
32. Peritonitis - macroscopic description
33. Ileus - macroscopic description
34. Pyelonephritis acuta - macroscopic description
35. Pyelonephritis chronica - macroscopic description
36. Urolithiasis - macroscopic description
37. Tumors of the kidney - macroscopic description
38. Hyperplasia of the prostate - macroscopic description
39. Myoma uteri - macroscopic description
40. Acute myeloic leukemia - macroscopic description
41. Acute lymphatic leukemia - macroscopic description
42. Chronic myeloic leukemia - macroscopic description
43. Chronic lymphatic leukemia - macroscopic description
44. Ulcus ventriculi - macroscopic description
45. Ulcus duodemi - macroscopic description
46. Tumors of the bowel - macroscopic description
47. Tumors of the stomach - macroscopic description
48. Tumors of the pancreas - macroscopic description
49. Metastasis - macroscopic description
50. Portal hypertension - macroscopic description
51. Autopsy of pediatric patients - macroscopic description
52. Macroreactions
53. Dissection of brain and spinal cord
54. Dissection of neck and chest organs
55. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex
56. Signs of maturity