General Medicine

Winter semester 2023/2024 starts on 11th September 2023.

1. Credit requirements in winter semester:
- Attendance at all classes in histopathology and passing of all tests through Socrative at the start of each histopathology class. Passing 2 written control tests with minimum score of 60 %.

- Attendance at all autopsy classes.

Students who failed the credit requirements in the winter semester of the previous academic year and have transferred the course to this year have to attend the whole course in full extent in this academic year.

2. If the credit is not granted at the last class, it will be granted only during the consultation hours. The credit must be granted till February 11th 2024. If the credit from winter semester will not be granted, the student will not be allowed to sign up for the final exam from pathological anatomy in the summer semester.

3. Compensation of classes

Exercises in histopathology and autopsies can be substituted for a serious reason after an individual agreement with both teachers in the 2-week in which the topic is covered.

If a student does not attend the exercise with their group and does not substitute the exercise, they will be obliged to substitute it at the end of the semester.

The compenstion of missing classes is regulated by the Dean's Regulation No. 3/2010 (on the conditions for performance of the compensating tuition and payment of tuition fee at compensatory practical training for foreign students - self payers).

4. The semester tests during the winter semester (obligatory)

Test 1         7.11.2023 19:00 lecture General oncology
max. 50 pts.
Test content: the topic of 1.-8.week
(Pathology of the cell. Molecular pathology. Regressive changes. Progressive changes. Necrosis, healing. Inflammation.)

Test 2         5.12.2023 19:00 lecture Reserved topic
max. 50 pts.
Test content: the topic of 9.-12.week
(Benign and malignant epithelial and mesenchymal tumors.)

5. Grading of students in the winter semester:

The final grading of students in the winter semester will be based on a. total points earned in the 1st and 2nd semester test (or compensatory test if the student scored less than 60 %), (max. 100 pts. total) and b. points earned from the tests throught Socrative (max. 25 pts.) at the start of each histopathology class as follows:

A 100-91% (125-113 points)
B 90-81% (112-101 points)
C 80-73% (100-91 points)
D 72-66% (90-82 points)
E 65-60% (81-75 points)
Fx <60% (< 75 points)


6. Compensatory tests:

Students, who failed the tests during the semester, will have compensatory terms to write the tests. The dates will be announced during the semester.

Compensatory test 1: 7.12.2023 9:00

Compensatory test 2: 12.12.2023 19:00

Compensatory test 3: 14.12.2023 9:00

Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Pathology, 8th Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical, 2018
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th Edition, ELSEVIER 2020, 1392 s.
Damjanov I.: Atlas of Histopathology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2012, 399s.
Sapp P.J.: Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2 edition, MOSBY 2003, 450s.

Do not buy study materials (reduced syllabus) from your older classmates, as they contain incorrect information, save yourself study time and money :)

The winter semester in 2023/2024 starts on September 11th (odd week). 

Histopathology practicals take place on the 2. floor of New theoretical institutes.

Autopsy practicals take place on the ground floor of the New theoretical institutes. Students do not bring anything with them on autopsies.

1. - 2. week
I. Introduction. Autopsy. Basic histological techniques.  Histological staining (acid, basic, histochemistry). Molecular biology in diagnostic patology.
Study material: pdf.

3. – 4. Week
II. Cell injury and cellular adaptations
hydropic change kidney (Z.II.1); amyloidosis (Z.II.2); amyloidosis + congo red stain (Z.II.3); liver steatosis (Z.II.4); lipomatosis of pancreas (Z.II.5); myocardial hypertophy (Z.II.6); muscle atrophy (Z.II.7); prostate hyperplasia (Z.II.8); lung metaplasia (Z.II.9)
Study material: pdf.

5. – 6.  Week
III. Necrosis, Healing
Coagulation necrosis - anemic renal infarction (Z.III.1); Coagulation necrosis - hemorrhagic lung infarction (Z.III.2); Liquefaction necrosis - encephalomalacia (Z.III.3); Fibrinoid necrosis - polyarteritis nodosa (Z.III.4); Healing of myocardial infarction (Z.III.5); Fibrinous peritonitis in the organization (Z.III.6); Thrombus in the organization (Z.III.7); Granuloma around a foreign body (Z.III.8)
Study material: pdf.

7. – 8. Week
IV. Inflammation
Catarrhal inflammation (Z.IV.1); Influenza (Z.IV.2); Fibrinous pericarditis (Z.IV.3); Brain abscess (Z.IV.4); Appendicitis (Z.IV.5); Pseudomembranous colitis (Z.IV.6); Sarcoidosis (Z.IV.7); TBC - Lungs (Z.IV.8); Actinomycosis (Z.IV.9)
Study material: pdf.

9. – 10. Week
V. Epithelial tumors
Papilloma (Z.V.1); Adenomatous polyp (Z.V.2); Basal-cell carcinoma (Z.V.3); Dysplastic polyp of the large intestine (Z.IV.4); Actinic keratosis (Z.V.5), Epidermal carcinoma (Z.V.6); Colorectal adenocarcinoma G1 ( Z.V.7)
Study material: pdf.

11. – 12. Week
VI. Mesenchymal tumors
leiomyoma (Z.VI.1); leiomyosarcoma (Z.VI.2); cavernous hemangioma (Z.VI.3); capillary hemangioma(Z.VI.4); Kaposi´s sarcoma (Z.VI.5); fibroma (Z.VI.6); fibrosarcoma (Z.VI.7); lipoma (Z.VI.8); liposarcoma (Z.VI.9); osteoma (Z.VI.10); osteosarcoma (Z.VI.11); chondrosarcoma (Z.VI.12)
Study material: pdf.

13. – 14. Week
VII. Hemato-oncology
chronic myeloid leukemia CML (Z.VII.1); Chronic lymphoid leukemia CLL (Z.VII.2); Hodgkin's lymphoma (Z.VII.3); Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma DLBCL (Z.VII.4); plasmocytoma (Z.VII.5); mycosis fungoides (Z.VII.6); essential thrombocytemia (Z.VII.7)
Study material: pdf.

Dan - Prof. MUDr. Ľ. Danihel, PhD.         

Bab - Prof. MUDr. P. Babál,CSc.

Jan -  MUDr. P. Janega, PhD.

A.Jan - MUDr. A. Janegová, PhD.

Pal-   MUDr. M. Palkovič, PhD.

Čie - Doc. MUDr. Z. Čierna, PhD.

Kri - MUDr. L. Krivošíková, PhD.

Winter semester:

1.-2. Death and postmortal changes.

3.-4. General external and internal inspection of the body. Pathological report and arrangement of diagnoses.

5.-6. Dissection of brain and spinal cord. Macroreactions.

7.-8. Dissection of neck and chest organs.

9.-10. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex.

11.-12. Autopsy of fetuses and children. Dissection of bones.

13.-14. Credit week (recapitulation)

Summer semester

1.-2. Macroscopic findings of brain and spinal cord diseases.

3.-4. Macroscopic findings of neck and chest organ diseases.

5.-6. Macroscopic findings of liver complex diseases.

7.-8. Macroscopic findings of uropoetic system diseases.

9.-10. Macroscopic findings of genital organs diseases.

11.-12. Macroscopic findings of hemopoetic system and RES  diseases.

13.-14. Credit week. Practical examination from autopsy (first part of final exam).

00 Cell pathology
1    Causes of cell damage can be:
2    Apoptosis
3    Necrosis
4    Nuclear chromatin
5    Pyknosis is
6    Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of
7    To the lysosomes belong
8    Ribosomes
9    Mitochondrias
10    Cell membrane contain
11    To the cell adhesion molecules belong
12    To the intermediate filaments belong:
13    To the microfilaments belong
14    To the microtubules belong
15    Lewy bodies can be found in
16    Desmosomes (macula densa) can be found
17    Neurofilaments
18    Hydropic change (dystrophy)
19    Hyaline change (glassy dystrophy)
20    Mucoid change (dystrophy)
21    Fatty change (steatosis)
22    The fatty liver disease (steatosis) can be caused by
23    Lipomatosis
24    Amyloidosis
25    Secondary amyloidosis
26    Primary amyloidosis
27    To the lysosomal storage diseases belong
28    To the endogenous pigments belongs
29    To the exogenous pigments belongs
30    Scorbut is
31    The multinucleated giant cells are:
32    Options (methods) of cytologic examination are
33    Immunohistochemistry
34    Human nuclear genome contains
35    Human mitochondrial genome contains
36    To the mutations belong
37    Philadelphia chromosome (translocation of 9 to 22) is typical of
38    Genetic information in nucleus is stored in structure of

01 Inflammation
1    Which manifestations characterize inflammation:
2    What belongs to main components of inflammation:
3    To deep (interstitial) type of inflammation belongs:
4    Fibrinous inflammation of mucosa occurs as:
5    On serous membranes we DO NOT find the following type of inflammation:
6    Alterative inflammation is characterised mainly by:
7    A typical cell in TB (tuberculous) granuloma is:
8    Caseous necrosis is typical for:
9    Inflammation:
10    What kind of fluid accumulates in inflammatory tissue?
11    What kind of cells are typical for acute bacterial inflammation?
12    What kind of cells are typical for chronic inflammation?
13    The types of exudate are...
14    Serous inflammation:
15    What kind of cells are typical for acute viral inflammation?
16    Exudate in fibrinous inflammation contains increased amount of:
17    Pseudomembrane contains:
18    Pseudomembranous inflammation is typical for:
19    Fibrinous inflammation:
20    Purulent inflammation:
21    Cerebral abscess:
22    Actinomycosis:
23    What are typical components of granuloma in granulomatous inflammation?
24    Granuloma in tuberculosis contains typically:
25    Granuloma in sarcoidosis:
26    The alveoli in viral pneumonia caused by influenza virus with bacterial superinfection contain:
27    Enterobiosis is typical for:
28    Which changes occure in vessels during inlammation?
29    Eosinofilia is typical for:
30    Proliferative inflammation:

02 Circulatory disorders
1    To the morphological changes in the heart, characteristic for systemic or pulmonary hypertension belongs
2    Manifestations of right ventricle failure include:
3    Nutmeg liver is a manifestation of:
4    Chronic venostasis (cyanotic induration) of abdomical organs is a manifestation of:
5    White thrombus is composed of
6    The pathogenesis of thrombosis involves
7    Paradoxical embolism is:
8    Brown induration of the lungs:
9    Cor pulmonale chronicum (chronic pulmonary heart) is a complication of:
10    Pulmonary edema is a manifestation of:
11    Shock
12    Embolism
13    Pulmonary artery embolism
14    Lymphoedema arises due to
15    Oedema in hypoproteinemia (with decreased oncotic pressure) arises due to
16    Arterial thrombi
17    Venous thrombi
18    Cor pulmonale acutum (acute pulmonary heart):
19    In the pathogenesis of oedema participates:
20    Transudate differs from exudate by:
21    Nephritic edema differs from nephrotic edema by
22    Lung edema occurs in
23    Active hyperaemia is result of
24    The common causes of arterial thromboembolism in a large circulation are
25    Haemorrhagic infarction occurs mostly in

03 Regressive and progressive changes
1    To the cellular adaptations belongs
2    Hyperplasia is:
3    Atrophy is:
4    Metaplasia is:
5    To the types of the necrosis belong:
6    Necrosis is:
7    Hemorrhagic infarct of the lungs is
8    What is the encephalomalacia
9    Acute myocardial infarction is...
10    What is the apoptosis?
11    Coagulative necrosis is typical in:
12    Anemic infarction of the kidney is:
13    Concentric hypertrophy of the left side of the heart
14    In the development of atrophy may participate:
15    The causes of necrosis are...
16    To the physical postmortal changes belongs...
17    How is the verdohemoglobin causing pseudomelanosis formed?
18    Postmortem stiffness usually begins to emerge:
19    Dysplasia:
20    Which cells DO NOT regenerate:
21    Granulation tissue DOES NOT contain:
22    Reparation:
23    To the postmortal changes DOES NOT belong::
24    Thrombus:
25    The bone fractures are healed:
26    Hypertrophy is:
27    Which tissue is healed by reparation?
28    Dysplasia is often accompanied by

04 General oncology and epithelial tumors
1    Pseudotumours include:
2    Epithelial tumors include:
3    Tumor grading expresses the:
4    Malignant tumors from squamous epithelium include:
5    Malignant tumor is characterised by:
6    Anaplasia of the cells is characterized by:
7    To the routes of metastasis belongs:
8    Relationship between malignant tumor and virus in humans is known in:
9    Epithelial skin tumors include:
10    Ulcus rodens is a complication of:
11    To the tumors from squamous epithelium belongs:
12    Benign tumors of glandular epithelium include:
13    Malignant tumors of glandular epithelium include:
14    Basal cell carcinoma arises from:
15    Pleomorphic adenoma occurs mainly:
16    The most common tumor of the colon is:
17    Epidermoid carcinoma is typically localised:
18    Keratinisation (formation of keratin pearls) in epidermoid carcinoma is characteristic for:
19    Papillocarcinoma of transitional epithelium is characteristic for:
20    In classification based on tumor histogenesis, we devide tumors according to:

05 Oncology of mesenchymal tumors and soft tissue tumors
1    Soft tissue tumors include
2    Mesenchymal (mesodermal) cells do NOT include
3    Connective tissue fibers include:
4    Malignant mesenchymal (mesoderm) tumours fare called:
5    Soft tissue tumors with the intermediate malignancy
6    Tumors of the peripheral nervous system
7    Tumor grade of soft tissues tumors is assesed according to
8    Typical cells of fibrous connective tissue are
9    Histological characteristics of sarcomas include
10    Infantile type fibrosarcoma is
11    Most common malignant tumor of soft tissues in children is
12    Fibroma
13    Desmoid-type fibromatosis
14    Liposarcoma
15    Tumors of adipose tissue do NOT include:
16    Hibernoma is benign tumor
17    Benign muscle tumor is
18    The types of rhabdomyosarcoma include
19    Malignant tumour of synovium is:
20    Kaposi sarcoma
21    True osteogenic tumors include
22    Chondrosarcoma is:
23    Osteosarcoma
24    Chondroma
25    Capillary haemangioma is:
26    To chronic myeloic proliferations belong:
27    Myelodysplastic syndrome is characterized by:
28    Acute myeloic leukemia:

06 Environmental pathology
1    To the diseases associated with smoking belongs
2    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in smokers is associated with
3    Buerger's (Bürger's) disease in smokers
4    Acute alcohol intoxication affects
5    The clinical manifestations of acute alcohol intoxication is
6    The possible result of chronic alcoholism is
7    For Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is typical
8    The symptoms of acute radiation sickness include
9    The symptoms of chronic radiation sickness include
10    For kwashiorkor is typical
11    For marasmus is typical
12    Pickwickian syndrome is
13    Vitamin A defficiency is associated with
14    Rickets occurs due to defficiency of vitamin
15    Scurvy occurs due to defficiency of vitamin
16    Beri-beri
17    Pellagra occurs due to defficiency of vitamin
18    Defficiency of vitamin K manifests as
19    Megaloblastic anaemia occurs due to defficiency of vitamin

07 Cardiovascular system
1    To the manifestations of left side heart failure belongs
2    To the manifestations of right side heart failure belongs
3    Hypertrophy of the right heart chamber is characterized by
4    Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) includes
5    To the acyanotic (late cyanotic) congenital heart deffects belongs
6    To the cyanotic congenital heart disease belongs
7    Coarctation of aorta
8    Clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis occurs in stage of
9    Variant angina pectoris
10    Myocardial infarction is macroscopically manifested as cyanotic, purple, blotchy, venostatic areas. It is old about
11    Myocardial infarction is macroscopically manifested as yellow centre with hyperaemic border. It is old about
12    24 hour old myocardial infarction is microscopically characterized by
13    4-6 weeks old myocardial infarction is microscopically characterized by
14    Dressler's syndrome is characterized by
15    Scar after myocardial infarction forms in
16    In acute myocardial infaction the necrotic area is densely infiltrated by granolcytes
17    Chronic ischemic heart disease histologically manifests by
18    Arteriolosclerotic nephrosclerosis is a complication of
19    Chronic cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart) may arise due to
20    Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart) may arise due to
21    Pericarditis episthenopericardiaca develops due to
22    Aschoff bodies may contain
23    Rheumatic heart disease
24    Rheumatic fever may be accompanied by
25    Infectious endocarditis includes
26    Non-infectious endocarditis includes
27    Osler´s nodes are
28    Löhlein (focal necrotising) nephritis arises in
29    Atypical verrucous endocardits
30    Acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) may manifest as
31    Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SABE) may by
32    To the complications of bacterial endocarditis can belong
33    The acquired valvular disease may be the result of
34    Mitral valve prolaps occurs in
35    Viral myocarditis may be caused by
36    To the primary cardiomyopathies belongs
37    To the secondary cardiomyopathies belongs
38    Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by
39    Hemorrhagic exudate in pericardial cavity is common in
40    Haemopericardium is
41    Cardiac tamponade may arise due to
42    The most common primary tumor of the myocardium is
43    To the chronic pericarditis belongs

08 Vessels
1    Arteriolosclerosis
2    As a result of sudden hypertension is found in the walls of small arteries
3    Media calcification sclerosis
4    The etiological factors of atherosclerosis are
5    In the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation the following events occur
6    The atheromatous plaques may be complicated by
7    Calcifications in atherosclerosis are typically found in
8    Calcifications in Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis are typically found in
9    To the infectious arteritis belongs
10    To the non-infectious arteritis belong
11    Syphilitic arteritis
12    Polyarteritis nodosa
13    Microscopic polyarteritis (hypersensitivity vasculitis) involves
14    75 years old woman with headaches and incipient blindness, diagnosed with vasculitis affecting a.ophtalmica, it is most likely:
15    40 years old patient with the formation of necrotizing granulomas in nose, lung infiltration and renal impairment, diagnosed with vasculitis, it is most likely:
16    25 years old womam with weak pulsation in both upper extremities, diagnosed with granulomatous vasculitis affecting the aortic arch, it is most likely:
17    Infant with erosions of the oral mucosa, conjunctiva, with skin rash and lymphadenopathy, diagnosed with vasculitis, it is most likely:
18    40 years old patient, smoker, with chronic occlusive vascular inflammation of lower limbs, with claudications, diagnosed with vasculitis, it is most likely:
19    Dissecting aneurysm of aorta
20    Virchow's triade involves
21    Granuloma pyogenicum
22    Capillary haemangioma
23    To the malignant tumors from vessels belongs
24    To the form of Kaposi's sarcoma belongs
25    Kaposi's sarcoma is caused directly by infection with
26    Haemangioendothelioma

09 Respiratory system
1    Pulmonary acinus consists of:
2    Bronchi are histologically composed of:
3    Hyaline membranes in lungs develop due to:
4    In pathogenesis of neonatal ARDS is important:
5    For ARDS is typical:
6    Most common etiologic agents of lobar pneumonia include:
7    Phases of lobar pneumonia include:
8    Possible complications of lobar pneumonia include:
9    Bronchopneumonia:
10    Atypical (interstitial) pneumonia is characterised by:
11    Acute interstitial pneumonia DOES NOT include:
12    The etiological agents of fungal infections of the lungs DO NOT include:
13    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes following entities:
14    Histological changes in chronic bronchitis include:
15    Emphysema is characetrised by:
16    In the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema important role is played by:
17    Panacinar emphysema occurs mainly due to:
18    Asthma bronchiale leads to the increase of:
19    In asthma bronchiale the bronchial lumens contains:
20    In extrinsic bronchial asthma can be found:
21    Etiological agents of bronchectasis include:
22    Chronic restricitve pulmonary disease may be caused by:
23    Interstitial lung diseases include:
24    Pneumoconioses include:
25    Farmers' lung arises due to:
26    Benign lung tumors include:
27    To the frequent malignant lung tumors belong:
28    Main histological types of bronchogenic carcinoma include:
29    Small cell lung carcinoma:
30    Horner´s syndrome includes:
31    Causes of pneumotorax can be:
32    Spontaneous pneumothorax may develop due to:
33    Mesothelioma:

10 GIT
1    To the causes of esophagitis belongs
2    To the main histological types of oesophageal carcinoma belongs
3    What is Barrett’s esophagus:
4    The most common esophageal carcinoma, counting for 90% of all primary oesophageal carcinomas is:
5    What are the risk factors contributing to the esophageal carcinoma:
6    Which part of the stomach is mainly affected by chronic gastritis type B:
7    Menetrier’s disease is characterized by:
8    Gastritis manifests microscopically in the mucosa of the stomach by:
9    Cushing's (stress) ulcers are:
10    A complication of stomach cancer can be:
11    Complications of Crohn’s disease include:
12    The following sentences about the gastric tumors are valid:
13    What diseases contribute to stomach cancer?
14    Florid "active" stage of ulcerative colitis is characterized by:
15    The intestinal epithelium of non-treated coeliac spru is:
16    Hirschsprung’s disease (congenital megacolon) is characterized by:
17    In the etiology of colorectal cancer is significant:
18    Acute hemorrhagic necrosis of pancreas is characterized by:
19    To the hereditary hyperbilirubinaemias belongs:
20    The way of transmission of viral hepatitis is
21    Alcoholic hepatitis is histologically characterized by:
22    Mallory bodies are found in hepatocytes in:
23    The cause of secondary biliary cirrhosis may be:
24    Obstructive jaundice is caused by the obstruction of:
25    To the malignant primary liver tumors belongs:
26    Klatskin tumor is carcinoma of:
27    Portal hypertension is caused by:

11 Oral cavity and teeth
1    Oral manifestations of syphilis include:
2    Oral manifestations of AIDS include:
3    True oral cavity tumors are:
4    Epulis:
5    Leukoplakia:
6    The correct statement/s about leukoplakia is/are:
7    Histological picture of leukoplakia may include:
8    Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity:
9    Ameloblastoma is:
10    The correct statement/s about ameloblastoma histology is/are:
11    Odontogenic tumors include:
12    Odontoma is:
13    The correct statement/s about sialoadenitis is/are:
14    Most common benign salivary gland tumor is:
15    Benign epithelial salivary gland tumors include:
16    Malignant epithelial salivary gland tumors include:
17    Pleomorphic adenoma is:
18    Warthin tumor is:

12 Urinary system
1    Outer layer of glomerular capillaries is covered by:
2    Epithelium covering urinary tract is:
3    Cystic lesions of kidneys include:
4    Typical sign of membranous glomerulonephritis is:
5    Morphological changes found in mesangial proliferative (focal proliferative) glomerulonephritis are:
6    For acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is typical:
7    The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by:
8    Kimmelstiel-Wilson glomerulosclerosis is found in:
9    The most common cause of acute pyelonephritis is infection by:
10    End – stage kidney can be the result of:
11    Typical finding in acute pyelonephritis (acute tubointerstitial nephritis) in urine is:
12    Hydronephrosis is accumulation of:
13    Pyonephrosis is:
14    Atherosclerotic nephrosclerosis affects mainly people with:
15    A typical kidney tumor of childhood is:
16    The most common malignant tumor of the urinary bladder is:
17    Common clinical symptom of kidney amyloidosis is:
18    Diseases causing haematuria are:
19    The most common malignant tumor of adults arises from:

13 Sexual system
1    Benign prostate hyperplasia arises from:
2    Prostatic hyperplasia affects most frequently:
3    Carcinoma of the male prostate is caused by:
4    Adenocarcinoma of the prostate arises predominantly in:
5    The metastases in prostatic carcinoma occur mainly in (more than one possible):
6    Carcinoma of prostate:
7    Varicocele is:
8    Cryptorchidism is:
9    Seminoma is:
10    Spermatocytic seminoma:
11    Seminoma cells give a positive result in the following staining:
12    Testicular germ cell tumors include:
13    Serum alpha-fetoprotein in the blood serum is increased in all cases of the following type of germ cell tumor:
14    All types of testicular teratoma in adults are:
15    Typical structures formed around the blood vessels, which can be seen in the yolk sac tumor are known as:
16    Production of HCG in testicular tumors is typical for:
17    Condyloma accuminatum is caused by:
18    Most frequent childhood neoplasm of the vagina is:
19    Koilocyte is a cell characteristic for an infection caused by:
20    LG SIL of the squamous epithelium of the cervix descibes the dysplasia up to:
21    Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix develops mainly in:
22    Bethesda system in gynecopathology is important for:
23    SIL:
24    Endometrial hyperplasia is caused by:
25    Most common malignant endometrial tumor is:
26    Ovarian malignant tumors DO NOT include:
27    Sex cord-stromal ovarian tumors DO NOT include:
28    Yolk sac tumor produces typically:
29    Gestational choriocarcinoma belongs to:
30    Complete hydatidiform mole is characterized by:
31    Most common benign tumor of the myometrium is:
32    Fibrocystic change of the breast includes:
33    Invasive breast tumors DO NOT include:
34    Most common breast carcinoma is:

14 Skin
1    Epidermis is formed of:
2    Merkel cells of the skin are:
3    Skin diseases with viral origin include:
4    Pustule is:
5    Mycobacterial skin infections include:
6    Tinea pedis (athlete´s foot) is:
7    Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection caused by:
8    Autoimmune diseases of connective tissue with skin presentation include:
9    Bullous skin diseases include:
10    Scaling dermatoses include:
11    Accumulation of neutrophils (Munro microabscesses) and high papillomatosis are characteristic for:

15 Endocrine system
1    Adenohypophysis consits of cells:
2    Neurohypophysis consits of cells:
3    Hyperpituitarism can be caused by:
4    Hypopituitarism can be caused by:
5    Gigantism and acromegaly:
6    Hyperprolactinemia:
7    Diabetes insipidus:
8    Pituitary tumors:
9    Craniopharyngioma:
10    Cushing´s syndrome:
11    Conn's syndrome:
12    Adrenocortical insufficiency (AI):
13    Addison's disease:
14    Adrenal tumors:
15    Pheochromocytoma:
16    Pheochromocytoma:
17    Hyperthyroidism:
18    Hypothyroidism:
19    Myxoedema:
20    Thyroiditis:
21    Hashimoto´s thyroiditis is:
22    In Hashimoto´s thyroiditis:
23    Graves' disease is:
24    In Graves' disease:
25    Goiter is:
26    Follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland vs. nodular goiter:
27    Carcinomas of the thyroid gland:
28    Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland:
29    Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland:
30    Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland:
31    Hyperparathyroidism:
32    Hypoparathyroidism:
33    Type 1 diabetes mellitus:
34    Type 2 diabetes mellitus:
35    In type 1 diabetes:
36    In type 2 diabetes:
37    Acute complications of diabetes:
38    Chronic complications of diabetes:
39    Kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy involves:
40    Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:
41    Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN):
42    Diffuse neuroendocrine system includes:
43    To neuroendocrine tumors belong:
44    Carcinoid:

16 CNS
1    To the neuroglial cells belong:
2    Spina bifida is characterized by:
3    Hydrocephalus can be:
4    Acute pyogenic meningitis can be caused by:
5    Basilar meningitis is caused by:
6    In the brain abscess may be found:
7    Viral encephalitis is histologically characterized by:
8    Tabes dorsalis is characterized by:
9    Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is:
10    Intracranial haemorrhage may be:
11    Characteristic microscopical sign of Parkinson´s disease is:
12    Hepatolenticular degeneration occurs in:
13    Alzheimer´s disease is characterized by:
14    Sclerosis multiplex:
15    To the tumors of the central nervous system belongs:
16    To the gliomas belong:
17    Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by:
18    Meningiomas:
19    Medulloblastoma:
20    Neurilemmoma is characterized by:

17 Locomotive system
1    To the bone cells DOES NOT belong:
2    The osteoid matris consists mostly from:
3    Osteopetrosis is caused by:
4    Parathyroid hormone influences the metabolism:
5    Cold abscess arises in:
6    Fibrous callus develops during:
7    Pseudoarthrosis develops as a result of:
8    Osteitis deformans Paget is:
9    To the manifestations of renal osteodystrophy belongs:
10    Fibrous dysplasia is:
11    For rheumatoid arthritis is characteristic histological finding of:
12    Gout is a manifestation of metabolism disorder of
13    Tophi are typical finding in:
14    Neuromuscular (neurogenic) diseases most commonly present with:
15    Neuromuscular diseases with the neuromuscular junction disorder include:
16    Congenital myopathies include:
17    Thymushyperplasia or neoplasa is usually accompanied by
18    Denervation atrophies manifest morphologically as:

00Cell

1. Causes of cell damage can be:; 2. Apoptosis; 3. Necrosis; 4. Nuclear chromatin; 5. Pyknosis is; 6. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of; 7. To the lysosomes belong; 8. Ribosomes; 9. Mitochondrias; 10. Cell membrane contain; 11. To the cell adhesion molecules belong; 12. To the intermediate filaments belong:; 13. To the microfilaments belong; 14. To the microtubules belong; 15. Lewy bodies can be found in; 16. Desmosomes (macula densa) can be found; 17. Neurofilaments; 18. Hydropic change (dystrophy); 19. Hyaline change (glassy dystrophy); 20. Mucoid change (dystrophy); 21. Fatty change (steatosis); 22. The fatty liver disease (steatosis) can be caused by; 23. Lipomatosis; 24. Amyloidosis ; 25. Secondary amyloidosis; 26. Primary amyloidosis; 27. To the lysosomal storage diseases belong; 28. To the endogenous pigments belongs; 29. To the exogenous pigments belongs; 30. Scorbut is; 31. The multinucleated giant cells are:; 32. Options (methods) of cytologic examination are; 33. Immunohistochemistry; 34. Human nuclear genome contains; 35. Human mitochondrial genome contains; 36. To the mutations belong; 37. Philadelphia chromosome (translocation of 9 to 22) is typical of; 38. Genetic information in nucleus is stored in structure of;

01Inflamm

1. Which manifestations characterize inflammation:; 2. What belongs to main components of inflammation:; 3. To deep (interstitial) type of inflammation belongs:; 4. Fibrinous inflammation of mucosa occurs as:; 5. On serous membranes we DO NOT find the following type of inflammation:; 6. Alterative inflammation is characterised mainly by:; 7. A typical cell in TB (tuberculous) granuloma is:; 8. Caseous necrosis is typical for:; 9. Inflammation:; 10. What kind of fluid accumulates in inflammatory tissue?; 11. What kind of cells are typical for acute bacterial inflammation?; 12. What kind of cells are typical for chronic inflammation?; 13. The types of exudate are...; 14. Serous inflammation:; 15. What kind of cells are typical for acute viral inflammation?; 16. Exudate in fibrinous inflammation contains increased amount of:; 17. Pseudomembrane contains:; 18. Pseudomembranous inflammation is typical for:; 19. Fibrinous inflammation:; 20. Purulent inflammation:; 21. Cerebral abscess:; 22. Actinomycosis:; 23. What are typical components of granuloma in granulomatous inflammation?; 24. Granuloma in tuberculosis contains typically:; 25. Granuloma in sarcoidosis:; 26. The alveoli in viral pneumonia caused by influenza virus with bacterial superinfection contain:; 27. Enterobiosis is typical for:; 28. Which changes occure in vessels during inlammation?; 29. Eosinofilia is typical for:; 30. Proliferative inflammation:;

02CircDisorders

1. To the morphological changes in the heart, characteristic for systemic or pulmonary hypertension belongs; 2. Manifestations of right ventricle failure include:; 3. Nutmeg liver is a manifestation of:; 4. Chronic venostasis (cyanotic induration) of abdomical organs is a manifestation of:; 5. White thrombus is composed of; 6. The pathogenesis of thrombosis involves; 7. Paradoxical embolism is:; 8. Brown induration of the lungs:; 9. Cor pulmonale chronicum (chronic pulmonary heart) is a complication of:; 10. Pulmonary edema is a manifestation of:; 11. Shock ; 12. Embolism ; 13. Pulmonary artery embolism; 14. Lymphoedema arises due to; 15. Oedema in hypoproteinemia (with decreased oncotic pressure) arises due to; 16. Arterial thrombi; 17. Venous thrombi; 18. Cor pulmonale acutum (acute pulmonary heart):; 19. In the pathogenesis of oedema participates:; 20. Transudate differs from exudate by:; 21. Nephritic edema differs from nephrotic edema by; 22. Lung edema occurs in; 23. Active hyperaemia is result of; 24. The common causes of arterial thromboembolism in a large circulation are; 25. Haemorrhagic infarction occurs mostly in;

03RegProgChanges

1. To the cellular adaptations belongs; 2. Hyperplasia is:; 3. Atrophy is:; 4. Metaplasia is:; 5. To the types of the necrosis belong:; 6. Necrosis is:; 7. Hemorrhagic infarct of the lungs is; 8. What is the encephalomalacia; 9. Acute myocardial infarction is...; 10. What is the apoptosis?; 11. Coagulative necrosis is typical in:; 12. Anemic infarction of the kidney is:; 13. Concentric hypertrophy of the left side of the heart; 14. In the development of atrophy may participate:; 15. The causes of necrosis are...; 16. To the physical postmortal changes belongs...; 17. How is the verdohemoglobin causing pseudomelanosis formed?; 18. Postmortem stiffness usually begins to emerge:; 19. Dysplasia:; 20. Which cells DO NOT regenerate:; 21. Granulation tissue DOES NOT contain:; 22. Reparation:; 23. To the postmortal changes DOES NOT belong::; 24. Thrombus:; 25. The bone fractures are healed:; 26. Hypertrophy is:; 27. Which tissue is healed by reparation?; 28. Dysplasia is often accompanied by;

04OnkoEpitel

1. Pseudotumours include:; 2. Epithelial tumors include:; 3. Tumor grading expresses the:; 4. Malignant tumors from squamous epithelium include:; 5. Malignant tumor is characterised by:; 6. Anaplasia of the cells is characterized by:; 7. To the routes of metastasis belongs:; 8. Relationship between malignant tumor and virus in humans is known in:; 9. Epithelial skin tumors include:; 10. Ulcus rodens is a complication of:; 11. To the tumors from squamous epithelium belongs:; 12. Benign tumors of glandular epithelium include:; 13. Malignant tumors of glandular epithelium include:; 14. Basal cell carcinoma arises from:; 15. Pleomorphic adenoma occurs mainly:; 16. The most common tumor of the colon is:; 17. Epidermoid carcinoma is typically localised:; 18. Keratinisation (formation of keratin pearls) in epidermoid carcinoma is characteristic for:; 19. Papillocarcinoma of transitional epithelium is characteristic for:; 20. In classification based on tumor histogenesis, we devide tumors according to:;

05OnkoMezenchymSoftTissue

1. Soft tissue tumors include; 2. Mesenchymal (mesodermal) cells do NOT include; 3. Connective tissue fibers include:; 4. Malignant mesenchymal (mesoderm) tumours fare called:; 5. Soft tissue tumors with the intermediate malignancy; 6. Tumors of the peripheral nervous system; 7. Tumor grade of soft tissues tumors is assesed according to; 8. Typical cells of fibrous connective tissue are; 9. Histological characteristics of sarcomas include; 10. Infantile type fibrosarcoma is; 11. Most common malignant tumor of soft tissues in children is; 12. Fibroma; 13. Desmoid-type fibromatosis; 14. Liposarcoma; 15. Tumors of adipose tissue do NOT include:; 16. Hibernoma is benign tumor; 17. Benign muscle tumor is; 18. The types of rhabdomyosarcoma include; 19. Malignant tumour of synovium is:; 20. Kaposi sarcoma; 21. True osteogenic tumors include; 22. Chondrosarcoma is:; 23. Osteosarcoma; 24. Chondroma; 25. Capillary haemangioma is:;

06Environmental

1. To the diseases associated with smoking belongs; 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in smokers is associated with; 3. Buerger's (Bürger's) disease in smokers; 4. Acute alcohol intoxication affects; 5. The clinical manifestations of acute alcohol intoxication is; 6. The possible result of chronic alcoholism is; 7. For Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is typical; 8. The symptoms of acute radiation sickness include; 9. The symptoms of chronic radiation sickness include; 10. For kwashiorkor is typical; 11. For marasmus is typical; 12. Pickwickian syndrome is; 13. Vitamin A defficiency is associated with; 14. Rickets occurs due to defficiency of vitamin; 15. Scurvy occurs due to defficiency of vitamin; 16. Beri-beri; 17. Pellagra occurs due to defficiency of vitamin; 18. Defficiency of vitamin K manifests as; 19. Megaloblastic anaemia occurs due to defficiency of vitamin;

07Cardio

1. To the manifestations of left side heart failure belongs; 2. To the manifestations of right side heart failure belongs; 3. Hypertrophy of the right heart chamber is characterized by; 4. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) includes; 5. To the acyanotic (late cyanotic) congenital heart deffects belongs; 6. To the cyanotic congenital heart disease belongs; 7. Coarctation of aorta; 8. Clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis occurs in stage of; 9. "Variant" angina pectoris; 10. Myocardial infarction is macroscopically manifested as cyanotic, purple, blotchy, venostatic areas. It is old about; 11. Myocardial infarction is macroscopically manifested as yellow centre with hyperaemic border. It is old about; 12. 24 hour old myocardial infarction is microscopically characterized by; 13. 4-6 weeks hour old myocardial infarction is microscopically characterized by; 14. Dressler's syndrome is characterized by; 15. Scar after myocardial infarction forms in; 16. In acute myocardial infaction the necrotic area is densely infiltrated by granolcytes; 17. Chronic ischemic heart disease histologically manifests by; 18. Arteriolosclerotic nephrosclerosis is a complication of; 19. Chronic cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart) may arise due to; 20. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart) may arise due to; 21. Pericarditis episthenopericardiaca develops due to; 22. Aschoff bodies may contain; 23. Rheumatic heart disease; 24. Rheumatic fever may be accompanied by; 25. Infectious endocarditis includes; 26. Non-infectious endocarditis includes; 27. Osler´s nodes are; 28. Löhlein (focal necrotising) nephritis arises in; 29. Atypical verrucous endocardits; 30. Acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) may manifest as; 31. Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SABE) may by; 32. To the complications of bacterial endocarditis can belong; 33. The acquired valvular disease may be the result of; 34. Mitral valve prolaps occurs in; 35. Viral myocarditis may be caused by; 36. To the primary cardiomyopathies belongs; 37. To the secondary cardiomyopathies belongs; 38. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by; 39. Hemorrhagic exudate in pericardial cavity is common in; 40. Haemopericardium is; 41. Cardiac tamponade may arise due to; 42. The most common primary tumor of the myocardium is; 43. To the chronic pericarditis belongs;

08Vessels

1. Arteriolosclerosis; 2. As a result of sudden hypertension is found in the walls of small arteries; 3. Media calcification sclerosis; 4. The etiological factors of atherosclerosis are; 5. In the process of atherosclerotic plaque occurs; 6. The atheromatous plaques may be complicated by; 7. Calcifications in atherosclerosis are typically found in; 8. Calcifications in Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis are typically found in; 9. To the infectious arteritis belongs; 10. To the non-infectious arteritis belong; 11. Syphilitic arteritis; 12. Polyarteritis nodosa; 13. Microscopic polyarteritis (hypersensitivity vasculitis) involves; 14. 75 years old woman with headaches and incipient blindness, diagnosed with vasculitis affecting a.ophtalmica, it is most likely:; 15. 40 years old patient with the formation of necrotizing granulomas in nose, lung infiltration and renal impairment, diagnosed with vasculitis, it is most likely:; 16. 25 years old womam with weak pulsation in both upper extremities, diagnosed with granulomatous vasculitis affecting the aortic arch, it is most likely:; 17. Infant with erosions of the oral mucosa, conjunctiva, with skin rash and lymphadenopathy, diagnosed with vasculitis, it is most likely:; 18. 40 years old patient, smoker, with chronic occlusive vascular inflammation of lower limbs, with claudications, diagnosed with vasculitis, it is most likely:; 19. Dissecting aneurysm of aorta; 20. Virchow's triade involves; 21. Granuloma pyogenicum; 22. Capillary haemangioma; 23. To the malignant tumors from vessels belongs; 24. To the form of Kaposi's sarcoma belongs; 25. Kaposi's sarcoma is caused directly by infection with; 26. Haemangioendothelioma;

09Resp

1. Pulmonary acinus consists of:; 2. Bronchi are histologically composed of:; 3. Hyaline membranes in lungs develop due to:; 4. In pathogenesis of neonatal ARDS is important:; 5. For ARDS is typical:; 6. Most common etiologic agents of lobar pneumonia include:; 7. Phases of lobar pneumonia include:; 8. Possible complications of lobar pneumonia include:; 9. Bronchopneumonia:; 10. Atypical (interstitial) pneumonia is characterised by:; 11. Acute interstitial pneumonia DOES NOT include:; 12. To the fungal infections of the lungs DOES NOT belong:; 13. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes following entities:; 14. Histological changes in chronic bronchitis include:; 15. Emphysema is characetrised by:; 16. In the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema important role is played by:; 17. Panacinar emphysema occurs mainly due to:; 18. Asthma bronchiale leads to the increase of:; 19. In asthma bronchiale the bronchial lumens contains:; 20. In extrinsic bronchial asthma can be found:; 21. Etiological agents of bronchectasis include:; 22. Chronic restricitve pulmonary disease may be caused by: ; 23. Interstitial lung diseases include:; 24. Pneumoconioses include:; 25. Farmers' lung arises due to:; 26. Benign lung tumors include:; 27. To the frequent malignant lung tumors belong:; 28. Main histological types of bronchogenic carcinoma include:; 29. Small cell lung carcinoma:; 30. Horner´s syndrome includes:; 31. Causes of pneumotorax can be:; 32. Spontaneous pneumothorax may develop due to:; 33. Mesothelioma:;

10GIT

1. To the causes of esophagitis belongs; 2. To the main histological types of oesophageal carcinoma belongs; 3. What is Barrett’s esophagus:; 4. The most common esophageal carcinoma, counting for 90% of all primary oesophageal carcinomas is:; 5. What are the risk factors contributing to the esophageal carcinoma:; 6. Which part of the stomach is mainly affected by chronic gastritis type B:; 7. Menetrier’s disease is characterized by:; 8. Gastritis manifests microscopically in the stomucosa of the stomach by:; 9. Cushing's (stress) ulcers are:; 10. A complication of stomach cancer can be:; 11. Complications of Crohn’s disease include:; 12. The following sentences about the gastric tumors are valid:; 13. What diseases contribute to stomach cancer?; 14. Florid "active" stage of ulcerative colitis is characterized by:; 15. The intestinal epithelium of non-treated coeliac spru is:; 16. Hirschsprung’s disease (congenital megacolon) is characterized by:; 17. In the etiology of colorectal cancer is significant:; 18. Acute hemorrhagic necrosis of pancreas is characterized by:; 19. To the hereditary hyperbilirubinaemias belongs:; 20. The way of transmission of viral hepatitis is; 21. Alcoholic hepatitis is histologically characterized by:; 22. Mallory bodies are found in hepatocytes in:; 23. The cause of secondary biliary cirrhosis may be:; 24. Obstructive jaundice is caused by the obstruction of:; 25. To the malignant primary liver tumors belongs:; 26. Klatskin tumor is carcinoma of:; 27. Portal hypertension is caused by:;

11OralTeeth

1. Oral manifestations of syphilis include:; 2. Oral manifestations of AIDS include:; 3. True oral cavity tumors are:; 4. Epulis:; 5. Leukoplakia:; 6. The correct statement/s about leukoplakia is/are:; 7. Histological picture of leukoplakia may include:; 8. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity:; 9. Ameloblastoma is:; 10. The correct statement/s about ameloblastoma histology is/are:; 11. Odontogenic tumors include:; 12. Odontoma is:; 13. The correct statement/s about sialoadenitis is/are:; 14. Most common benign salivary gland tumor is:; 15. Benign epithelial salivary gland tumors include:; 16. Malignant epithelial salivary gland tumors include:; 17. Pleomorphic adenoma is:; 18. Warthin tumor is:;

12URO

1. Outer layer of glomerular capillaries is covered by:; 2. Epithelium covering urinary tract is:; 3. Cystic lesions of kidneys include:; 4. Typical sign of membranous glomerulonephritis is:; 5. Morphological changes found in mesangial proliferative (focal proliferative) glomerulonephritis are:; 6. For acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is typical:; 7. The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by:; 8. Kimmelstiel-Wilson glomerulosclerosis is found in:; 9. The most common cause of acute pyelonephritis is infection by:; 10. End – stage kidney can be the result of:; 11. Typical finding in acute pyelonephritis (acute tubointerstitial nephritis) in urine is:; 12. Hydronephrosis is accumulation of:; 13. Pyonephrosis is:; 14. Atherosclerotic nephrosclerosis affects mainly people with:; 15. A typical kidney tumor of childhood is:; 16. The most common malignant tumor of the urinary bladder is:; 17. Common clinical symptom of kidney amyloidosis is:; 18. Diseases causing haematuria are:; 19. The most common malignant tumor of adults arises from:;

13Genital

1. Benign prostate hyperplasia arises from:; 2. Prostatic hyperplasia affects most frequently:; 3. Carcinoma of the male prostate is caused by:; 4. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate arises predominantly in:; 5. The metastases in prostatic carcinoma occur mainly in (more than one possible):; 6. The following tumor develops more frequently in cryptorchid testis:; 7. The epithelioid cells in autoimmune orchitis are derived from:; 8. Cryptorchidism is:; 9. Seminoma is:; 10. Spermatocytic seminoma differs from classic seminoma in the following ways:; 11. Classical seminoma cells give a positive result in the following staining:; 12. Testicular germ cell tumors include:; 13. Serum alpha-fetoprotein in the blood serum is increased in all cases of the following type of germ cell tumor:; 14. All types of testicular teratoma in adults are:; 15. Typical structures formed around the blood vessels, which can be seen in the yolk sac tumor are known as:; 16. Production of HCG in testicular tumors can be found in:; 17. Condyloma accuminatum is caused by:; 18. Most frequent childhood neoplasm of the vagina is:; 19. Koilocyte is a cell characteristic for an infection caused by:; 20. LG SIL of the squamous epithelium of the cervix descibes the dysplasia up to:; 21. Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix develops mainly in:; 22. Bethesda system in gynecopathology is important for:; 23. SIL:; 24. Endometrial hyperplasia is caused by:; 25. Most common malignant endometrial tumor is:; 26. Ovarian malignant tumors DO NOT include:; 27. Sex cord-stromal ovarian tumors DO NOT include:; 28. Yolk sac tumor produces typically:; 29. Gestational choriocarcinoma belongs to:; 30. Complete hydatidiform mole is characterized by:; 31. Most common benign tumor of the myometrium is:; 32. Fibrocystic change of the breast includes:; 33. Invasive breast tumors DO NOT include:; 34. Most common breast carcinoma is:;

14Dermato

1. Epidermis is formed of:; 2. Merkel cells of the skin are:; 3. Skin diseases with viral origin include:; 4. Pustule is:; 5. Mycobacterial skin infections include:; 6. Tinea pedis (athlete´s foot) is:; 7. Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection caused by:; 8. Autoimmune diseases of connective tissue with skin presentation include:; 9. Bullous skin diseases include:; 10. Scaling dermatoses include:; 11. Accumulation of neutrophils (Munro microabscesses) and high papillomatosis are characteristic for:;

15Endocrino

1. Adenohypophysis consits of cells:; 2. Neurohypophysis consits of cells:; 3. Hyperpituitarism can be caused by:; 4. Hypopituitarism can be caused by:; 5. Gigantism and acromegaly:; 6. Hyperprolactinemia:; 7. Diabetes insipidus:; 8. Pituitary tumors:; 9. Craniopharyngioma:; 10. Cushing´s syndrome:; 11. Conn's syndrome:; 12. Adrenocortical insufficiency (AI):; 13. Addison's disease:; 14. Adrenal tumors:; 15. Pheochromocytoma:; 16. Pheochromocytoma:; 17. Hyperthyroidism:; 18. Hypothyroidism:; 19. Myxoedema:; 20. Thyroiditis:; 21. Hashimoto´s thyroiditis is:; 22. In Hashimoto´s thyroiditis:; 23. Graves' disease is:; 24. In Graves' disease:; 25. Goiter is:; 26. Follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland vs. nodular goiter:; 27. Carcinomas of the thyroid gland:; 28. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland:; 29. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland:; 30. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland:; 31. Hyperparathyroidism:; 32. Hypoparathyroidism:; 33. Type 1 diabetes mellitus:; 34. Type 2 diabetes mellitus:; 35. In type 1 diabetes:; 36. In type 2 diabetes:; 37. Acute complications of diabetes:; 38. Chronic complications of diabetes:; 39. Kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy involves:; 40. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:; 41. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN):; 42. Diffuse neuroendocrine system includes:; 43. To neuroendocrine tumors belong:; 44. Carcinoid:;

16CNS

1. To the neuroglial cells belong:; 2. Spina bifida is characterized by:; 3. Hydrocephalus can be:; 4. Acute pyogenic meningitis can be caused by:; 5. Basilar meningitis is caused by:; 6. In the brain abscess may be found:; 7. Viral encephalitis is histologically characterized by:; 8. Tabes dorsalis is characterized by:; 9. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is:; 10. Intracranial haemorrhage may be:; 11. Characteristic microscopical sign of Parkinson´s disease is:; 12. Hepatolenticular degeneration occurs in:; 13. Alzheimer´s disease is characterized by:; 14. Sclerosis multiplex:; 15. To the tumors of the central nervous system belongs:; 16. To the gliomas belong:; 17. Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by:; 18. Meningiomas:; 19. Medulloblastoma:; 20. Neurilemmoma is characterized by:;

17MusSkeletal

1. To the bone cells DOES NOT belong:; 2. The osteoid matris consists mostly from:; 3. Osteopetrosis is caused by:; 4. Parathyroid hormone influences the metabolism:; 5. Cold abscess arises in:; 6. Fibrous callus develops during:; 7. Pseudoarthrosis develops as a result of:; 8. Osteitis deformans Paget is:; 9. To the manifestations of renal osteodystrophy belongs:; 10. Fibrous dysplasia is:; 11. For rheumatoid arthritis is characteristic histological finding of:; 12. Gout is a manifestation of metabolism disorder of; 13. Tophi are typical finding in:; 14. Neuromuscular (neurogenic) diseases most commonly present with:; 15. Neuromuscular diseases with the neuromuscular junction disorder include:; 16. Congenital myopathies include:; 17. Thymushyperplasia or neoplasa is usually accompanied by; 18. Denervation atrophies manifest morphologically as:;

1.     Endocarditis infective, non-infective

2.     Myocarditis

3.     Cardiomyopathy

4.     Pericarditis

5.     Rheumatic fever

6.     Congenital diseases of heart, blood vessels)

7.     Atherosclerosis

8.     Vasculitis

9.     Hypertensive disease, complications

10.   Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction

11.   Left- and right-sided heart failure

12.   Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease

13.   Bronchitis (acute, chronic)

14.   Pneumonia lobar, bronchopmeumonia, intersticial

15.   Bronchial asthma

16.   Emphysema and atelectasis of lungs

17.   Respiratory distress syndrome

18.   Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, infectious mononucleosis

19.   Cysts of the neck region

20.   Sialoadenitis and salivary gland tumors

21.   Gastroduodenal ulcer disease

22.   Gastritis and esophagitis

23.   Enteritis and colitis

24.   Malabsorption syndrome

25.   Crohn´s disease. Ulcerative colitis

26.   Ileus, Herniations

27.   Megacolon congenitum

28.   Appendicitis

29.   Inflammations of liver. Liver failure

30.   Liver cirrhosis, etiological classiification, complications

31.   Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis

32.   Pancreatitis (acute, chronic)

33.   Peritonitis

34.   Renal failure, acute renal insufficiency

35.   Glomerulonephritis

36.   Tubulointersticial nephritis

37.   Nephrolithiasis

38.   Autoimmune thyreoiditis

39.   Goiter

40.   Pituitary syndromes

41.   Diabetes mellitus (1., 2. type)

42.   Pathology of adrenals

43.   Diffuse neuroendocrine system and its disorders

44.   Inflammations of bone and joints (nonspecific, specific)

45.   Rheumatiod arthritis and gout

46.   Deforming diseases of bones (rickets and osteodystrophy)

47.   Deformities of vertebral column and skull

48.   Skeletal muscle diseases

49.   Prostate inflammation, hyperplasia

50.   Cysts of the ovary

51.   Pathology of pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease

52.   Non neoplastic pathological changes of endometrium  

53.   Newborn and suckling diseases

54.   Causes of perinatal death

55.   Cystic fibrosis

56.   Anemia (hemolytic, pernicious, aplastic)

57.   Intracranial hemorrhage

58.   Hydrocephalus

59.   Ischemic brain injury

60.   Meningitis

61.   Encephalitis, myelitis

62.   Demyelinating diseases

63.   Pathological changes of peripheral nerves (polyneuroplathies)

64.   Blistering dermatitis

65.   Spongiform dermatitis (seborrhea, allergies)

66.   Lichenoid and psoriaform dermatitis

67.   Infectious dermatitis (bacterial, viral, fungal)

68.   Diseases of conjunctiva,  cornea and lacrimal glands

69.   Diseases of retina, retinopathies, glaucoma

70.   Lymphadenopathies (differential diagnosis)

IV. Part of the final examination is microscopic evaluation of one histopathological slide.

1. External inspection
2. Death and postmortal changes
3. Internal inspection - basis of macroscopic description of  dissected tissues and organs
4. Arrangement of diagnoses
5. Ischemic changes of brain - macroscopic description
6. Brain hemmorhage - macroscopic description
7. Meningitis - macroscopic description
8. Hydrocefalus - macroscopic description
9. Pleuritis - macroscopic description
10. Pericarditis - macroscopic description
11. Hydrothorax and hydropericardium pathogenesis
12. Emphysema pulmonum - macroscopic description
13. Oedema pulmonum - macroscopic description
14. Pneumonia - macroscopic description
15. Pneumothorax - macroscopic description
16. Tumors of the lung - macroscopic description
17. Cor pulmonale - macroscopic description
18. Hypertension complications
19. Ischaemic heart disease - macroscopic description
20. Infarction of heart - complications
21. Atherosclerosis - complications
22. Chronic venostasis -changes of liver - macroscopic description
23. Chronic venostasis -changes of lung - macroscopic description
24. Oedema - macroscopic description
25. Cirhosis hepatis - macroscopic description
26. Steatosis hepatis - macroscopic description
27. Cholecystitis chronica - macroscopic description
28. Icterus - macroscopic description
29. Pancreatitis acuta haemmorhagica - macroscopic description
30. Thrombosis - macroscopic description
31. Embolism - macroscopic description
32. Peritonitis - macroscopic description
33. Ileus - macroscopic description
34. Pyelonephritis acuta - macroscopic description
35. Pyelonephritis chronica - macroscopic description
36. Urolithiasis - macroscopic description
37. Tumors of the kidney - macroscopic description
38. Hyperplasia of the prostate - macroscopic description
39. Myoma uteri - macroscopic description
40. Acute myeloic leukemia - macroscopic description
41. Acute lymphatic leukemia - macroscopic description
42. Chronic myeloic leukemia - macroscopic description
43. Chronic lymphatic leukemia - macroscopic description
44. Ulcus ventriculi - macroscopic description
45. Ulcus duodemi - macroscopic description
46. Tumors of the bowel - macroscopic description
47. Tumors of the stomach - macroscopic description
48. Tumors of the pancreas - macroscopic description
49. Metastasis - macroscopic description
50. Portal hypertension - macroscopic description
51. Autopsy of pediatric patients - macroscopic description
52. Macroreactions
53. Dissection of brain and spinal cord
54. Dissection of neck and chest organs
55. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex
56. Signs of maturity

The defences of the diploma theses will be held in person in the library of the Institute of pathological anatomy FMCU in the following terms: 21.11., 22.11. and 29.11.2023 starting at 12:30.