Dentistry

Winter semester 2025/2026

The course in winter semester starts on 16. September 2025

1. Requirements for final exam attendance in course pathology 2:

- Successful completion of the prerequisites exam: anatomy and histology

- Completed course Pathology 1 in summer semester (to have all presences, passed all the tests and gained credits).
- Attendance at all classes in histopathology. Passing 1 written control test with minimum score of 75 points.
- Attendance at all autopsy classes. 

Student, who failed to fulfill requirements for final exam attendance in course pathology 2 in the winter semester of the previous academic year and has transferred the course to this year, has to attend the whole course in full extent in this academic year.

2. Requirements for the final exam attendance in the course pathology 2 must be fulfilled before February 13th 2026. If the requirements for exam attendance in course pathology 2 will not be fulfilled till this date, the student will not be allowed to sign up for the final exam from pathological anatomy.

3. Compensation of classes

The histopathology class may be compensated with another group with the permission of the tutor during the two-week period when the topic is covered. A maximum of 2 histopathology classes may be made up during the semester.
Autopsy classes may be made up with another group with the permission of the tutor throughout the semester. A maximum of 2 autopsy classes may be made up during the semester.

The student is required to submit a confirmation of the make-up practicum during the semester to his/her instructor.

If a student does not attend the exercise with their group and does not make-up the class, he/she will be obliged to make-up it at the end of the semester.

The compenstion of missing classes is regulated by the Dean's Regulation No. 3/2010 (on the conditions for performance of the compensating tuition and payment of tuition fee at compensatory practical training for foreign students - self payers).

4. The control tests during the winter semester (obligatory)

26.11.2025 - 9:30 - 10:30 - M111 Moskovska 2

The test will be written in person.
To pass the semester test, a minimum score of 75% (75 points) is required.

5. Compensatory tests:

Students, who failed the tests during the semester, will have 3 compensatory terms to write the test.

The test will be written in person.

16.12.2025 - 14:00 - M111 Moskovska 2

13.1.2026 - 9:00 - M111 Moskovska 2

3.2.2026 - 9:00 - M111 Moskovska 2

Summer semester 2024/2025

1. Requirements for completion of the course Pathological Anatomy 1:

 

a) Participate in all histopathology classes

b) Final written multiple-choice test

The test is written in presence in the computer rooms of the FMCU.

Minimum score of 60% (60 points) is considered a passing score of the test.

 

Test date

13.5.2025 o 13:30 - 14:30, Moskovska street, computer room M111

 

c) Attendance at all autopsies.

d) Successful completion of the prerequisites exam

 

Any student who has not met the requirements for Pathological Anatomy 2 will not be allowed to sit for the final examination.

 

2. Substitution

 

Classes in histopathology may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor/teacher during the two-week cycle when the topic is covered. A maximum of 2 histopathology classes may be substituted during the semester.

 

An autopsy class may be substituted with another group with the consent of the instructor throughout the semester. A maximum of 2 autopsy casses may be substituted during the semester.

 

- The student is required to submit a confirmation of the substitution to his/her instructor during the semester. If the student does not make up the missing exercises during the given fortnight, he/she will have to make them up at the end of the semester.

 

3. Lectures

The lectures will be held onsite according to the published schedule.

 

4. Alternate tests:

 

A student who has not met the requirement of successfully passing the tests during the semester will be given three compensatory dates to write the tests.

Tests will be written in person in the FMCU computer rooms.

Compensatory test 1: May 27, 2025, from 2:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.

Compensatory test 2: 5.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.

Compensatory test 3: 17.6.2025 from 14:30pm - 17.30 p.m.

Recommended study literature

Harsh Mohan: Textbook of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers LTD., 2010, 933 p. 
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 11th Edition, ELSEVIER 2022, 840 s. 
Damjanov Ivan: Atlas of Histopathology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers LTD., 2012, 399 p. 
Sapp P.J.: Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 2 edition, MOSBY 2003, 450s. 

 

Do not buy study materials (reduced syllabus) from your older classmates, as they contain incorrect information, save yourself study time and money :)

Time schedule

 

 

Histopathology practicals take place on the 2. floor of New theoretical institutes.

Autopsy practicals take place on the ground floor of the New theoretical institutes. Students do not bring anything with them on autopsies.

Program of seminars for the winter semester

1-2. Pathology of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory system. 
Gastric ulcer (GIT 13), Chronic atrophic gastritis (GIT 2), Ulcerative colitis (GIT 4), Cirrhosis of the liver (GIT 7), Endocarditis (KVS 8), Atherosclerosis (KVS 1), Lobar pneumonia (RS 2), Bronchopneumonia (RS 1), Small cell carcinoma (RS 3)

3-4. Pathology of urinary, endocrine a reproductive system. Pathology of the skin. 
Arteriolosclerotic nephrosclerosis (URO 1), Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (URO 4), Renal cell carcinoma (URO 5), Diabetic nephropathy (URO 2), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (ES 4), Graves' disease (ES 5), Benign prostatic hyperplasia (XY 4), Cervical dysplasia (XX 2), Seborrheic keratosis (178), Nevus (DP 2), Malignant melanoma (DP 1)

5-6. Pathology of the teeth. 
Purulent pulpitis (314), Periapical granuloma (191), Radicular cyst (313), Tooth retention (143), Chronic hyperplastic gingivitis (243)

7-8. Pathology of the salivary glands. Pathology of the tonsils. 
Chronic sialadenitis (259), Sjӧgren's syndrom (315), Sialolithiasis (316), Mucocele of the salivary gland (309), Chronic tonsilitis (274), Actinomycosis (I 7)

9-10. Pathology of the orofacial region. 
Morbus Fordyce (269), Amyloidosis (A 2), Lymphoepithelial cyst (321), Fibrous epulis (STT 5), Pyogenic granuloma of the lip (319), Giant cell epulis (138), Granuloma fissuratum (280)

Program of seminars for the summer semester

1-2. Introduction. Autopsy. Basic histological techniques. Methods in pathology (Histological staining, histochemistry, physical methods, microscopy).

3-4. Cell injury. Circulation disorders.

Metaplasia – lungs (Z.II.9), Steatosis - liver (Z.II.4), Lipomatosis - pancreas (Z.II.5), Encephalomalacia (Z.III.3), Anemic infarction - kidney (Z.III.1), Hemorrhagic infarction - lungs (Z.III.2), Focal necrosis - IM (L.II.2), Pulmonary edema (L.II.5), Brown induration - lungs (L.II.4), Chronic venostasis - liver (L.II.6), Embolus - pulmonary artery (L.II.7)

5-6. Inflammation. Healing.

Catarrhal inflammation - lungs (Z.IV.1), Fibrinous pericarditis (Z.IV.3), Pseudomembranous inflammation – intestine (Z.IV.6), Appendicitis (Z.IV.5), Brain abscess (Z.IV.4), Influenza – lungs (Z.IV.2), Oxyuriasis (Z.IV.10), Tuberculosis - lungs (Z.IV.8), Thrombus - healing (Z.III.7), Foreign body granuloma (Z.III.8)

7-8. Introduction to oncology. Benign and malignant epithelial tumors.

Squamous cell carcinoma (Z.V.5), Basal cell carcinoma (Z.V.3), Adenomatous polyp (Z.V.2)

9-10. Benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors. Hematopoetic tumors.

Fibroma (Z.VI.6), Fibrosarcoma (Z.VI.7), Leiomyoma (Z.VI.1), Osteoma (Z.VI.10), Osteosarcoma (Z.VI.11), Hodgkin´s lymphoma (Z.VII.3), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia /CLL/ (Z.VII.2)

11-12. Tumors of the oral cavity.

Ameloblastoma (71), Odontoma (241), Pleomorphic adenoma (L.III.1), Warthin tumor (194), Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (325), Adenoid cystic carcinoma (324), Oral leukoplakia (271), Oral squamous cell carcinoma (272), Capillary haemangioma (Z.VI.4), Cavernous haemangioma (320)

Program for autopsy exercises for the winter and summer semester

Summer semester

1.-2. Death and postmortal changes. Basics of macroscopic  description of dissected tissues and organs.

3.-4. General external and internal inspection of the body. Pathological report and arrangement of diagnoses.

5.-6. Dissection of brain and spinal cord. Macroreactions.

7.-8. Dissection of neck and chest organs.

9.-10. Dissection of liver and urogenital complex.

11.-12. Autopsy of fetuses and children. Dissection of bones.

Winter semester:

1.-2. Macroscopic findings of brain and spinal cord diseases.

3.-4. Macroscopic findings of neck and chest organ diseases.

5.-6. Macroscopic findings of liver complex diseases.

7.-8. Macroscopic findings of urogenital system diseases.

9.-10. Credit week. Practical examination from autopsy (first part of final exam).

The exact questions for final examination

I.             General pathology, oncology

 

1             Methods in pathology

2             Causes and course of the disease

3             Death and postmortal changes

4             Cell damage and cellular adaptations

5             Morphology of reversible cell damage

6             Morphology of irreversible cell damage (cell death)

7             Amyloidosis

8             Endogenous pigments, icterus

9             Exogenous pigments and pneumoconiosis

10           Circulatory disorders (overview)

11           Shock and shock changes

12           Hyperaemia and congestion

13           Local anaemia (ischaemia, infarction)

14           Thrombosis and embolism

15           Edema

16           Regeneration and reparation

17           Wound healing and bone fracture, pathological organization

18           Inflammation (in general)

19           Acute inflammation

20           Chronic inflammation

21           Granulomatous inflammation

22           Primary and secondary tbc

23           Bacterial inflammations

24           Fungal inflammations

25           Viral inflammations

26           Parasitary inflammations

27           Immune disorders (allergies, immunopathological reactions)

28           AIDS

29           Characteristics of tumours

30           Microscopic structure of a tumour

31           Classification of tumours

32           Benignity and malignancy of tumours, Tumour spread

33           Carcinogenesis and carcinogenic factors

34           Effect of tumour on the organism ( local, general)

35           Benig epithelial tumours

36           Malignant epithelial tumours

37           Benign and malignant mesenchymal tumours

38           Myeloproliferative diseases

39           Lymphoproliferative diseases

40           Tumours of the nervous system (CNS and PNS)

41           Pigment nevi and malignant melanoma

42           Tumours of the lung

43           Tumours of the gastrointestinal tract

44           Tumours of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas

45           Malignant breast tumours

46           Benign lesions of the breast

47           Tumours of the kidney and urinary tract

48           Tumours and cysts of the ovary

49           Tumours of the uterus

50           Tumours of the prostate and testis

51           Tumors of the endocrine glands and neuroendocrine tumors

52           Tumours of the skin and cutaneous adnexa (overview)

53           Tumours of childhood

 

II.            Orofacial Pathology

 

1             Acute and chronic inflammations of the oral mucosa

2             Viral infections of the oral cavity

3             Oral candidiasis

4             Actinomycosis of the orofacial region

5             Leukoplakia, differential diagnosis

6             Congenital developmental anomalies of the oral cavity

7             Acute gingivitis

8             Chronic gingivitis

9             Epulis, types and morphology

10           Periodontitis, periodontosis, plaque-associated diseases

11           Developmental disorders of teeth

12           Enamel hypoplasia

13           Amelogenesis imperfecta

14           Disorders of dentin development (dentinogenesis imperfecta, dentinal dysplasia)

15           Dental caries, etiology and pathogenesis

16           Course of enamel caries

17           Course of dentin caries

18           Complications of dental caries

19           Inflammations of dental pulp

20           Periapical lesions – abscess, granuloma, cyst

21           Physical and chemical injuries of teeth

22           Diseases of the temporomandibular joint – inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic, neoplastic

23           Diseases of the Head and Neck Skeleton

24           Oral manifestations of hypovitaminosis (scurvy, pernicious anemia)

25           Oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus

26           Oral manifestations of lichen planus

27           Oral manifestations of mucous pemphigoid of the oral cavity

28           Oral manifestations of pemphigus vulgaris

29           Oral manifestations of AIDS

30           Oral manifestations of syphilis

31           Oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)

32           Radiation-induced diseases and manifestations of systemic therapy

33           Autoimmune diseases and their manifestations in the head and neck region

34           Disorders of salivary secretion and sialoadenosis

35           Acute inflammations of salivary glands

36           Chronic inflammations of salivary glands

37           Sjögren’s syndrome

38           Sialolithiasis, mucocele

39           Xerostomia – differential diagnosis

40           Acute and chronic sinusitis

41           Sinonasal polyp

42           Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses

43           Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis

44           Degenerative changes of the middle ear (otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis)

45           Odontogenic cysts of the orofacial region

46           Non-odontogenic cysts of the orofacial region

47           Odontogenic keratocyst

48           Precancerous lesions of the oral cavity – differential diagnosis

49           Odontogenic tumors (ameloblastoma, dentinoma, odontoma, cementoma)

50           Benign salivary gland tumors

51           Malignant salivary gland tumors

52           Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and lip

53           Mesenchymal tumors of the orofacial region

 

III.          Special pathology

 

1             Inflammatory heart diseases (infectious and non-infectious)

2             Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction

3             Lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia

4             Tonsillitis, pharyngitis

5             Gastritis, enteritis, colitis

6             Gastroduodenal ulcer disease

7             Appendicitis, ileus, and peritonitis

8             Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis

9             Pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholecystolithiasis

10           Inflammation of the kidneys and urinary tract

11           Thyroid diseases

12           Endocrine organ diseases

13           Neuroendocrine system diseases

14           Diabetes mellitus

15           Lymphadenopathy (differential diagnosis)

16           Meningitis and encephalitis

17           Inflammation of the skin

18           Sepsis