1st Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

1.      Anatomy of female genital organs

2.      Pre-operative management in gynaecology and obstetrics

3.      Cesarean section – indication, techniques of operation, complications

4.      External and internal cephalic version

5.      Breech delivery management and breech extraction

6.      Vacuum extraction and forceps delivery  

7.      Manual removal of the placenta

8.      Episiotomy and treatment of the  vaginal and perineal tears    

9.      Polyp ablation and tissue excision for histological examination 

10.  Curretage (D&C) - vacuum aspiration – culdocentesis

11.  Imaging diagnostic methods in gynaecology

12.   Endoscopic examination methods in gynaecology

13.  Cervical cytology

14.  Microbiological examination in gynaecology and obstetrics

15.  Breast diseases examination methods

16.  Screening in the first and the second trimester of pregnancy  

17.  Cardiotocography

1.  Spontaneous abortion

     Disorders of placental position

     Puerperal mastitis

2.   Postterm pregnancy

      Gynaecological diseases in pregnancy

      Differential diagnosis of pelvic pain

3.  Gestational trophoblastic disease

     Mother and fetal traumatic injuries during delivery

     Ultrasound in obstetrics 

4.  Prenatal care

     Placenta – anatomy, morphology and function

     Endometriosis

5.  Normal puerperium

     Emergency situations in pregnancy and during labor

     Oncological program in gynaecology

6.   Fetal and uteroplacental circulation, placental
      insufficiency

      Malignant tumors of the breast

      Congenital abnormalities of female genital organs
      and gonadal dysgenesis

7.   Breech presentation

      Fertilisation of the ovum and its development

      Female genital (uterovaginal) prolaps   

8.   Preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome

      Abnormal puerperium and puerperal infection

      Hormonal therapy in gynaecology

9.   Ectopic pregnancy

      Rhesus disease in pregnancy

      Urinary incontinence    

10. Fetal malpresentations (position and presentation)

       Vaginal discharge, vulvovaginitis

       Benign diseases of breasts

11.  Abnormal uterine action

       Gestosis of early pregnancy

       Prebioptic examination methods

12.   Labor in vertex (cephalic) presentation

        Hormonal therapy in climacteric and postmenopause

        Sexually transmitted diseases

13.   Prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital disorders

        Management of sudden birth at home or at unusual
        places

        Gynaecological surgery

14.  Maternal changes in normal pregnancy and regimen
        in pregnancy

        Placenta praevia

        Benign uterine tumors  

15.   Legal termination of pregnancy

        Peri- and postpartum haemorrhage

        Neurohormonal regulation of menstrual cycle

16.   Abnormalities of the III.  stage of the labor

        Cervical carcinoma

        Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome

17.  Fetal intrauterine therapeutic options

       Nongynaecological maternal diseases complicating
       pregnancy

       Puberty

18.  Diagnosis of fetus at risk during pregnancy

       Hyperandrogenic disorders

       Climacteric and senium

19.  Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia

       Hormonal changes during pregnancy

       Emergencies in gynaecology

20.  Premature rupture of membranes

       Infectious diseases in pregnancy

       Malignant ovarian tumors

21.   Preterm delivery 

        Gynaecological disorders in childhood
        and adolescence

        Anovulatory cycle   

22.  Disorders of labor mechanism

       Intrauterine growth restriction

       Vaginal bleeding in women of reproductive age

23.  Multiple pregnancy

       Management of the infertile couple

       Vaginal bleeding in climacteric and senium

24.  Lactation and lactation disorders

        Pelvic inflamatory disease

        Menstrual cycle

25.  Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy

       Ultrasound in gynaecology

       Amenorrhea

26.  Abnormalities of amniotic fluid, membranes
       and umbilical cord

       Endoscopic examination methods in gynaecology
       and obstetrics

       Ceasarean section

27.  Menstrual cycle disorders

       Tumors of external genitalia and vagina

       Labor induction

28. Anaemia and coagulation disorders in  pregnancy,

      Contraception

      Sexual life and its disorders

29.  Intrauterine fetal death – etiology, symptoms,
       diagnosis, treatment

       Endometrial carcinoma (malignant tumors of uterine
       body)

       Benign ovarian tumours

30.  Premalignant lesions of female genital organs

       Vaginal obstetrical surgery

       Termination of pregnancy in II. Trimester –
       indications, methods

Gynaecology

1. Normal and abnormal development of the female genital tract
2. Examination methods in gynaecology
3. Emergency situations in gynaecology
4. Deviations of female reproductive organs
5. Vulvar and vaginal inflamatory diseases 
6. Pelvic inflamatory disease
7. Benignant tumors of cervix uteri
8. Malignant tumors of cervix uteri
9. Benignant tumors of uterus
10. Malignant tumors of uterus
11. Benignant tumors of the brest
12. Malignant tumors of the brest
13. Benignant ovarian tumors
14. Malignant ovarian tumors
15. Menstrual cycle
16. Menstrual cycle disorders
17. Premenstrual syndrome
18. Dysmenorrea
19. Amenorrhea
20. Hormonal therapy in gynaecology
21. Endometriosis
22. Urinary incontinence
23. Family planing
24. Contraception
25. Sexual life and its disorders 
26. Infertile couple
27. Assisted reproduction 
28. Assisted reproduction 
29. Vaginal dyscharge
30. Vaginal bleeding in women of reproductive age
31. Vaginal bleeding in cliamcterium and senium
32. Sexual transmitted infections
33. Pediatric gynaecology
34. Gynaecology of the adoslecent age
35. Myoma uteri
36. Puberty
37. Climacterium and senium

Obstetrics

1. Fertilisation of the ovum and its development 
2. Placenta - morphology and function
3. Placental pathology
4. Placental and fetal circulation
5. Abnormalities of amniotic fluid, membranes and umbilical cord
6. Pelvic importance in obstetrics
7. Maternal changes in normal pregnancy 
8. Diagnosis of pregnancy
9. Regimen in pregnancy
10. Basic prenatal care
11. Prenatal diagnosis
12. Risk pregnancy
13. Perinatal infectiolns (bacterial, viral, protozoal)
14. Spontaneous abortion                                                                 
15. Legal termination of pregnancy
16. Complications of abortion
17. Abnormal development of the fetus
18. Premature delivery
19. Premature rupture of membranes
20. Placental abruption
21. Placenta praevia
22. Ectopic pregnancy
23. Gestational trophoblastic disease
24. Prolonged pregnancy
25. Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia
26. Psychosomatic prophylaxis before labor
27. Normal and abnormal labor – I. stage
28. Normal and abnormal labor – II. stage
29. Normal and abnormal labor – III. stage
30. Traumatic lesions during delivery and treatment
31. Disorders in labor mechanism in vertex presentation
32. Firt aid by the precitpitate labour
33. Venous disease in pregnancy and puerperium
34. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy
35. Rhesus disease (isoimunisation)
36. General disorders during pregnancy
37. Early preeclampsia
38. Preeclampsia and eclampsia
39. Lactation disorders
40. Puerperal mastitis
41. Puerperal infections
42. Emergency situations in pregnancy and during the labor
43. Multiple pregnancy
44. Diagonal and transversal position of the fetus
45. Management of breech delivery
46. Normal and pathological puerperium
47. Drug abuse during pregnancy
48. Assesment of fetal state during pregnancy and delivery (ultrasound, biophysical profile, doppler flow, cardiotocography, amnioskopy).

GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS LECTURES

FOR  THE 5^th YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS OF GENERAL MEDICINE

WINTER TERM   2024/2025

G y n a e c o l o g y

The lectures will be held in the library of the 1st Dpt. or 2nd Dpt. of the Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Prof. MUDr. Miroslav Borovský, CSc.                    head of 1^st Dpt. Gynaecol. and Obstet.

Subject:  G Y N A E C O L O G Y  and   O B S T E T R I C S

Class                        semester                hours lectures/practical lessons     credits           

  5^th Stomatology       winter                                18 / 20     examination            2                     

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Syllabus

            History of gynaecological and obstetrical care. System of  gynaecological and obstetrical care. Development of the female genital organs. Normal and topographical anatomy of  female external and internal genitalia. Anatomy of the pelvic organs. The breast and mammary gland. Congenital abnormalities of the female genitalia.  Physiology of specific functions of the female reproductive organs. Woman´s life periods. Sex hormones. Examination methods in gynaecology. Microbiological examination, cytology, determination of sex, cervical mucos examination, hormonal analysis, menstrual diary and basal  temperature, endometrial histology, X-ray examination methods, endoscopic examination methods, ultrasonography, histologic excision, Douglas´s pouch puncture, exploratory laparotomy and diagnostic methods in breast diseases. Sexual  life and its disturbances. Menstrual disorders. Anovulatory cycle. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Amenorrhoea. Dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, climacteric syndrome, pubertas praecox, delayed puberty. Inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive organs. Sexually transmitted disease. Tuberculosis of the genital tract. Endometriosis. Benign tumours and false tumours of the reproductive organs and of the mammary gland. Malignant tumours of the female reproductive organs and of the breast. Prebioptic examination methods. Family planning. Malpositions of reproductive organs. Sterile couple. Methods of assisted reproduction and assisted fertilisation. Infertility. Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology. Specifications of gynaecological examination of child. Urogynaecology. Emergencies in gynaecology. Gynaecological endocrine diseases. Operative       treatment in gynaecology. Conservative treatment in gynaecology. Hormonal therapy in gynaecology – view of stomatology.

            Fertilisation of the ovum and its development. The foetus -  morphology and functions of its organs. The placenta and foetoplacental blood circulation. Endocrinology of pregnancy. Galactopoiesis and lactation. Maternal changes in pregnancy. Diagnosis of pregnancy. Obstetrical examination. Basic prenatal care and antenatal education programme. Antenatal care of at risk pregnancy and pathological pregnancy. Stomatology and obstetrics in antenatal care. Normal labour and delivery. Management of precipitate labour and of labour in unfavourable situation. Principles of obstetrical cleanliness. Physiology of normal newborn. Care of newborn. Perinatal demographic statistics. The quality assessment of mother and newborn care. Normal puerperium. Breech delivery. Abortion: spontaneous abortion, termination of pregnancy, causes, clinics, diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Abortion sequelae. Preterm labour. Preterm newborn. Prolonged pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy. Early gestoses. Preeclampsia. Pregnancy and intercurrent diseases. Abnormalities of the female pelvis and pregnancy and labour. Abnormal development of the foetus. Abnormalities of the placenta.  Gestational trophoblastic disease. Foetal membranes, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord disturbances. The foetus at risk in pregnancy. The foetus at risk during labour. Abnormal uterine action during the labour. Transverse and oblique position. Abnormal mechanics in vertex presentation. Compound and cord presentation. Malpresentations. Abnormalities of the third labour stage. Genital tract trauma during delivery.  Abnormal puerperium. Emergencies in pregnancy, labour, and puerperium. Operations in obstetrics. Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia.

Lectures:

            Anatomy of the female genitalia. Physiology of the woman. Disorders of the menstrual cycle. Endometriosis. Emergencies in gynaecology. Woman´s life periods. Family planning. Sterile couple. Inflamations of the female reproductive organs.  Sexually transmitted diseases. Hormonal therapy in gynaecology – view of stomatology. Physiology of  pregnancy. Normal labour and delivery. Normal and abnormal puerperium. Abnormal duration of pregnancy. Pathology of  pregnancy. Precanceroses and malignant tumours of female reproductive organs.  Breast pathology. Emergencies in obstetrics. Benign tumours of  female reproductive organs. Stomatology and obstetrics in antenatal care.

Clinical training:

            Examination of gynaecologic patient. Microbiology of vagina, vaginal discharge smear, material taking specimens for microbiological, cytological and histological examinations. Practical evaluation of cytological smears. Assistance with gynaecological diagnostic and therapeutic tasks. Up-to-date family planning methods, contraception methods.  Management of outpatient clinic for family planning. Early diagnosis of pregnancy, examination of pregnant woman. Early diagnosis of malignant tumours of  female genitalia. Obstetrical examination of a woman before labour, treatment  in sequential labour stages, obstetrical  management of labour. Normal newborn care, pathologic newborn care,  resuscitation of the newborn. Suture of  vagina and  perineum rupture, episiotomy. Examination of woman in puerperium. Examination of  physiological and pathologic puerperium. Case reports analysis.      Antenatal care,  physiological pregnancy,  risk and high risk pregnancy, pathologic pregnancy.  Management of  prenatal out-patient clinic. Invasive diagnostic methods in gynaecology and obstetrics, operative techniques in gynaecology and obstetrics.    Diagnostic methods in breast diseases. Analysis and case reports of at risk and          pathologic pregnancy cases.  Problem of sterile couples. Assisted reproduction.         Laboratory diagnostic methods in gynaecology and  obstetrics. Processing and          elaborating medical patient`s  history by medical students. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Examination: oral part

                                                           Prof. Miroslav Borovský, MD, PhD.

                                                      Head of the 1st dpt. of gynaecology and obstetrics

Subject:  G Y N A E C O L O G Y  and   O B S T E T R I C S

Class   semester             hours lectures/practical lessons             

  5^th      winter                                 24/ 35     credits                        3

            summer                               24/ 35     credits                        3

  6^th       state examination block      18/54   subject of state examination                                      

  5^th                 compulsory  practice – 2 weeks      credit   3

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Syllabus - General Medicine

Gynaecology

            History of  gynaecological and obstetrical care in the world and in Slovakia. System of  gynaecological and obstetrical care in Slovakia. Development of female genital organs. Normal and topographical anatomy of  female external and internal genitalia,  pelvic organs. Developmental disorders of female genitalia. Physiology of specific functions of the female reproductive organs. Woman’s life periods.             Examination methods in gynaecology. Special examination methods in gynaecology. Microbiological examination, cytology, determination of sex, cervical mucus examination, hormonal analysis, menstrual diary and basal temperature, endometrial histology, X-ray examination methods, endoscopic examination methods,  ultrasonography, histologic excision, Douglas´s pouch puncture, exploratory laparotomy and diagnostic methods in breast diseases. Sexual life and its disturbances. Menstrual disorders. Anovulatory cycle. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.Amenorrhoea. Dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome. Climacteric syndrome, pubertas praecox, delayed puberty. Inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive organs. Sexually transmitted diseases. Tuberculosis of the genital tract. Endometriosis. Benign tumours and false tumours of the reproductive organs and of the mammary gland. Malignant tumours of the female reproductive organs and of the breast. Prebioptic examination methods. Family planning. Malpositions  of the reproductive organs. Sterile couple, including methods of assisted reproduction and assisted  fertilisation. Infertility. Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology. Specifications of  gynaecological examination of child. Congenital abnormalities of genital organs. Foreign bodies in vagina. Medico-legal questions. Urogynaecology. Emergency situations in gynaecology. Gynaecological endocrine diseases. Gonadal dysgenesis, adrenogenital syndrome, pubertas praecox, pubertas tarda, Fröhlich´s syndrome,     Kallman´s syndrome, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, pituitary nanism, anorexia mentalis, Sheehan´s syndrome, hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, Cushing´s disease, Cushing^´s syndrome, Addison^´s disease, hyper and hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, climacterium praecox and other endocrine disorders of hypothalamic -pituitary aethiology. Hormonal therapy in gynaecology. Ovarian steroids. Main  principles of hormonal therapy. Operative treatment in gynaecology. Conservative treatment in gynaecology.

Obstetrics

            Fertilisation of the ovum and its development. Foetus at the end of pregnancy. Morphology and functions of its organs. Placenta and foetoplacental blood circulation. Endocrinology of  pregnancy. Galactopoiesis and lactation. Maternal changes in     pregnancy. Diagnosis of pregnancy. Obstetrical examination. Basic prenatal care and antenatal education programme. Antenatal care of at risk pregnancy and pathological pregnancy. Normal labour and delivery. Management of precipitate labour and of       labour in unfavourable situation. Principles of obstetrical cleanliness. Physiology of  normal newborn. Care of newborn. Perinatal demographic statistics. The quality        assessment of mother and newborn care. Normal puerperium. Breech delivery.      Abortions - spontaneous abortion, termination of pregnancy - causes, clinics,             diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Abortion sequelae. Preterm labour. Preterm newborn. Prolonged pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy. Early gestoses. Preeclampsia.         Pregnancy and intercurrent diseases. Abnormalities of the female pelvis and pregnancy and labour. Abnormal development of the foetus. Abnormalities of the placenta.      Gestational trophoblastic disease. Foetal membranes, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord disturbances. The foetus at risk in pregnancy. The foetus at risk during labour. Abnormal uterine action during the labour. Transverse and oblique lie. Abnormal     mechanics in vertex presentation. Compound and cord presentation. Malpresentations. Abnormalities of the third labour stage. Genital tract trauma during delivery.             Abnormal puerperium. Emergencies in pregnancy, labour, and puerperium. Operations in obstetrics. Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia.

Lectures:

5^th class

            Gynaecology: Normal and abnormal development of  the female genital tract. Physiology of the female genital tract. Woman`s life periods. Sexual life and sexual dysfunction. Family planning and contraception. Menstrual irregularities.                   Inflammations of female genitalia. Benign tumours of the female genital tract.          Malignant tumours of  the female genital tract. Brest diseases. Endometriosis.         Malposition of female internal genitalia. Urinary incontinence. Emergencies in         gynaecology. Infertility.  Evaluation of the infertile couple. Gynaecologic disorders in childhood, puberty and adolescence.

            Obstetrics:  Fertilisation and further  development of the fertilised ovum. Morphology and function of the placenta, foetal membranes, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid. Maternal changes in normal   pregnancy. Diagnosis of pregnancy.  Basic prenatal care. Identification of pregnancy at   risk. Psychoprophylactic preparation for childbirth. Assessment of foetal state in  early and in late pregnancy.  Reproductive genetics and   prenatal diagnosis. Congenital  anomalies. Antenatal and intrapartum foetal assessment    (amnioscopy, cardiotoco-graphy,   doppler ultrasound  assesment of   blood flow, foetal biophysical  assment by ultrasound, biochemical testing).  Normal labour and delivery: mechanisms  of labour in vertex presentations, stages of labour, clinical course and management of   labour. Physiological newborn. Puerperium.   Abortion. Premature labour and delivery.  Prolonged pregnancy. Ectopic   pregnancy. Abnormal pregnancy: preeclampsia, eclampsia. Renal and urinary  tract diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases. Hepatobiliary and   pancreatic diseases. Haematologic diseases. Cardiovascular and thromboembolic  diseases.  Abnormal pregnancy: infectious diseases: diabetic pregnancy, isoimmunization, dermatological  diseases, malignancy in pregnancy, gynaecological diseases in pregnancy. Abnormal development of the  foetus. Pathology of the placenta (exclusive GTD). Abnormalities of the foetal membranes, of     the amniotic fluid and the   umbilical cord. Intrauterine  asphyxia (foetal distress,  foetal bleeding). Dead foetus  syndrome. Abnormal uterine action: inefficient uterine contractions.   Hypotonic uterine activity. Hypertonic uterine activity.  Incoordinate uterine action.  Diagnosis and management.  Abnormal labour and delivery.  Malpresentations and malpositions: transverse site, oblique  site.      Anterior asynclitism or  obliquitas Naegele and posterior asynclitism or obliquitas  Litzmanni. Positio occipitalis alta sacralis and pubica. Deep transverse arrest. Vertex occipitoposterior position. Compound presentation. Syncipital  presentation. Brow presentation.  Face presentation. Breech presentation.  Pelvic contracture and  pregnancy. Cephalo-pelvic disproportion. Obstetric analgesia  and anaesthesia.  Abnormalities of    the third stage of labor and  postpartum haemorrhage. Normal and abnormal puerperium.  Lactation suppression. Obstetric emergencies. Sudden maternal death.

Clinical training:

5^th class

            Examination of a gynaecologic patient. Microbiology of the vagina, vaginal discharge smear, taking specimens for microbiological, cytological and histological examinations. Practical evaluation of cytological smears. Assistance with                   gynecological diagnostic and therapeutic tasks. Up-to-date family planning methods, contraception methods.  Management of out-patient clinic for family planning. Early diagnosis of pregnancy, examination of a pregnant woman. Early diagnosis of           malignant tumours of  female genitalia. Obstetrical examination of a woman before labour, treatment  in sequential labour stages, obstetrical  management of labour. Normal newborn care, pathologic newborn care,  resuscitation of the newborn. Suture of vagina and  perineum rupture, episiotomy. Examination of women in puerperium. Examination of cases of  physiological and pathologic puerperium. Case analysis. Antenatal care,  physiological pregnancy,  risk and high risk pregnancy, pathologic pregnancy.  Management of the prenatal outpatient clinic. Invasive diagnostic methods in gynaecology and obstetrics, operative techniques in gynaecology and obstetrics.    Diagnostic methods for breast diseases.  Analysis and case reports of at risk and         pathologic pregnancy cases. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis in perinatology.   Sterile couples.  Management of out-patient clinic for sterile couples. Assisted reproduction. Laboratory diagnostic methods in gynaecology and  obstetrics. Analysis of gynecological and obstetrical  cases. Processing and elaborating medical patient´s by  medical  students. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

Conditions for credit: Taking active part in practice, test

6^th class

            Students are assigned to various parts of the department, where they work as junior registrars under the supervision of senior lecturers and associate professors. They improve themselves in basic examination methods, diagnosis, differential         diagnosis and conservative and operative therapy options in obstetrics and                gynaecology and in some special diagnostic procedures including X-ray examination, ultrasonography.  Doppler sonography, amnioscopy, amniocentesis, endoscopic         diagnostic procedures, etc. Students assists with gynecological and obstetrical          operations. In special outpatient departments they acquaint themselves with special branches and aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology.

Seminars:

6^th class

            The course and conduct of a normal labour and delivery in the longitudinal lie, vertex and breech presentation. Obstetric operations. Special diagnostic imaging      procedures in gynaecology and obstetrics. Endoscopic procedures in gynaecology and obstetrics. Oncological programme in gynaecology. Hormonal therapy in gynaecology. Diseases of the breast. Emergencies in gynaecology and obstetrics. Physiological and pathological newborn. Gynaecological urology. Diagnosis of foetal well-being in the first half of  pregnancy. Monitoring of foetal well being in the second half of           pregnancy.

Subject of the state examination, 6^th class  - practical part

                                                                                  - oral part

                                                           Prof. Miroslav Borovský, MD, PhD.

                                                      Head of the 1st dpt. of gynaecology and obstetrics